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This study reports that granulocyte colony\u2010stimulating factor (G\u2010CSF) can enhance <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> endothelialization of tissue\u2010engineered vascular grafts, which could be used to improve patency of small\u2010diameter vascular graft. Vascular grafts were tissue engineered with decellularized canine abdominal aortas and canine autologous bone marrow\u2013derived cells. Prior to cell seeding onto decellularized graft matrices, bone marrow\u2013derived cells were induced to differentiate into endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The cell\u2010seeded vascular grafts were implanted into the abdominal aortas of bone marrow donor dogs. Before and after graft implantation, G\u2010CSF was administered subcutaneously to the dogs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3). The grafts implanted into the dogs not receiving G\u2010CSF were used as controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3). Eight weeks after implantation, grafts in both groups showed regeneration of vascular tissues including endothelium and smooth muscle. Importantly, endothelium formation was more extensive in the G\u2010CSF\u2013treated grafts than in the control grafts, as assessed with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. In addition, intimal hyperplasia was significantly reduced in the G\u2010CSF\u2013treated grafts compared to the control grafts. This study suggests that G\u2010CSF administration could be applied to improve patency of small\u2010diameter tissue\u2010engineered vascular grafts. \u00a9 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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