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However, polishing of small implants with a highly complicated geometry and nonuniform metallurgy might result in unsatisfactory results. The objective of this work was to develop an electropolishing process effective for complex metallic implants such as artificial heart valve frames and miniature glaucoma implants. Polishing in an ultrasonic bath and pulsed voltage polishing processes were studied and compared to the standard ASTM process. Current\u2010voltage curves were constructed for different solutions and bath temperatures. The polished parts were evaluated by stereomicroscopy, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, noncontact surface profilometry, and X\u2010ray diffraction. Pulse polishing was found useful in eliminating the erosion effects of gas bubbles in solution. Electropolishing in an ultrasonic bath was found useful when a rough, patterned surface is needed, e.g. for osseointegration purposes. Preliminary animal studies followed by histopathology indicated that the polished surfaces stimulated only a moderate body reaction, as desired in such applications. The pronounced dependence of the measured roughness values on both the measurement technique and scanned area should inspire the preparation of a new test\u2010method standard. \u00a9 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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