{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T04:35:54Z","timestamp":1762144554216},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,9]],"date-time":"2007-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1186617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the microstructure evolution and defects of the titanium oxide layer containing calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) formed by anodic oxidation in a solution containing Ca and P compounds. Results show that the anodic film exhibited a two\u2010layer structure: a pore\u2010containing amorphous titanium oxide layer dispersed with nano\u2010sized crystallites formed prior to sparking, and a porous overlay dotted with craters formed after sparking. Ca and P were predominantly incorporated in the porous overlay, in which the amorphous region contained more Ca and P than the crystalline region regardless of the anodizing voltages. Moreover, the ratio of amorphous to crystalline regions in the porous overlay changed insignificantly with anodizing voltage. Increasing anodizing voltage enhanced the incorporation of Ca and P in the anodic film, but deteriorated the adhesion of the anodic film to the substrate. This deterioration was related to two inherent adhesive weaknesses: the aligned pores in the titanium oxide layer and the craters in the major overlay, signifying that a new anodic oxidation process that can produce high Ca\u2010 and P\u2010containing oxide film at relatively\u2010low anodizing voltages, i.e. \u223c200 V, is a necessity. \u00a9 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,9]],"date-time":"2007-08-09T18:46:34Z","timestamp":1186685194000},"page":"378-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Structural evolution and adhesion of titanium oxide film containing phosphorus and calcium on titanium by anodic oxidation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85A","author":[{"given":"C. S.","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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