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In this study, we investigated the effects of aluminum, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, vanadium, and zirconium ions at concentrations from 0.05 to 5.0 m<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> on human CD4+ T lymphocytes. The DNA damage, apoptosis, necrosis, and proliferation responses of a human T\u2010helper lymphocyte (Jurkat) cell line were evaluated to test our hypothesis that some metals will preferentially induce genotoxicity (DNA damage). Our results demonstrated that metal ions did not preferentially induce Jurkat T\u2010lymphocyte DNA damage prior to other forms of toxicity, that is, apoptosis and\/or direct necrosis. Nickel and vanadium induced the most DNA damage and were the most apoptotic metals tested, inducing &gt;50% caspase\u20109 positive T cells at 0.05 m<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> and 0.1 m<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> concentrations, respectively. Cobalt and niobium were the most toxic metals, inducing &lt;50% viability at \u223c0.5 m<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> concentrations. Nickel and vanadium were the only metals to induce DNA damage at nearly the same concentrations that induced &gt;50% apoptosis (i.e., &lt;0.05 m<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>). All the metals tested induced T\u2010cell apoptosis at a lower dose than that required to affect DNA damage or toxicity, implying that soluble metals released from implants may not be preferentially genotoxic to lymphocytes. \u00a9 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,29]],"date-time":"2007-11-29T21:16:22Z","timestamp":1196370982000},"page":"905-913","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Analysis of metal ion\u2010induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and necrosis in human (Jurkat) T\u2010cells demonstrates Ni<sup>2+<\/sup> and V<sup>3+<\/sup> are more toxic than other metals: Al<sup>3+<\/sup>, Be<sup>2+<\/sup>, Co<sup>2+<\/sup>, Cr<sup>3+<\/sup>, Cu<sup>2+<\/sup>, Fe<sup>3+<\/sup>, Mo<sup>5+<\/sup>, Nb<sup>5+<\/sup>, Zr<sup>2+<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86A","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Caicedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua 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