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Direct impact of wear particles on osteolysis, the remodeling of the bone stock and a directly affected function of osteoblasts was described. The present study examined the response of human osteoblasts exposed to different wear particles, which were generated in a test device providing oscillating micro\u2010motions at the interface between femoral stem and standard bone cement. Characterization of released particles was performed by quantifying the size distribution and the metal content of the wear debris. Human osteoblasts were incubated with particles obtained from hip stems with different material compositions (Ti\u20106Al\u20107Nb and Co\u201028Cr\u20106Mo) and rough and smooth surface finishings combined with standard bone cement (Palacos\u00ae R) containing zirconium oxide particles. Commercially pure titanium particles (cp\u2010Ti) and particulate zirconium oxide (ZrO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were used for comparative analyses. The results revealed significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) reduction of the cell viability after exposure to higher concentration of metallic particles, particularly from Co\u2010based alloys. In contrast, ZrO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> alone showed significantly less adverse effects on the cells. When increasing metallic particle concentrations massive inhibition was also observed in the release of cytokines including interleukine\u20106 (IL\u20106) and interleukine\u20108 (IL\u20108), but the expression of Procollagen I and the cell viability showed the highest reduction after exposure to Co\u2010based alloy particles from rough stems. \u00a9 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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