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Polyethylene wear debris that is generated by total hip and knee replacements has been linked to osteolysis and limiting the lifespan of the implant. We added both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)\u2010free and endotoxin\u2010associated xUHMWPE and PCU particles to a human monocyte cell line (TH1) in culture and measured cell viability and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u03b1, interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, and prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:bold>)<\/jats:bold> in the medium after 24 h. Results indicate that particles (both xUHMWPE and PCU) free of endotoxin did not significantly induce secretion of TNF\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, or PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> above basal levels. However, endotoxin\u2010exposed PCU particles induced significantly less TNF\u03b1 and IL\u20101\u03b2 than endotoxin\u2010exposed xUHMWPE particles. This indicates that if endotoxin is available for binding to particles <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, then xUHMWPE may be more inflammatory to periprosthetic tissue and bone in part because of its affinity\/reactivity with endotoxin when compared with PCU. \u00a9 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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