{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T10:52:49Z","timestamp":1778669569545,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,22]],"date-time":"2010-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1266796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A variety of surface modifications have been tested for the enhancement of screw fixation in bone, and locally delivered anti\u2010osteoporosis drugs such as bisphosphonates (BP) are then of interest. In this <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> study, the impact of surface immobilized BP was compared with systemic BP delivery and screws with no BP. After due <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> characterization, differently treated stainless steel (SS) screws were divided into four groups with 10 rats each. Three of the groups received screws coated with sol\u2013gel derived TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and calcium phosphate (SS+TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>+CaP). One of these had no further treatment, one had alendronate (BP) adsorbed to calcium phosphate mineral, and one received systemic BP treatment. The fourth group received uncoated SS screws and no BP (control). The screw pullout force was measured after 4 weeks of implantation in rat tibiae. The immobilized amount and release rate of alendronate could be controlled by different immersion times. The SS+TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>+CaP coating did not increase the pullout force compared to SS alone. Surface delivered alendronate enhanced the pullout force by 93% [<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.000; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 67\u2013118%] compared to SS, and by 39% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.044; 95% CI: 7\u201371%) compared to systemic alendronate delivery. Both surface immobilized and systemically delivered alendronate improved implant fixation. Also, locally delivered, that is, surface immobilized alendronate showed a better fixation than systemically delivered. Using sol\u2013gel derived TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> as a platform, it is possible to administer controllable amounts of a variety of BPs. \u00a9 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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