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This study assessed the compatibility between PLGA and OECs <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, and evaluated the effect of PLGA conduit filled with OECs and extracellular matrix gel (ECM) (POE group) on 10 mm\u2010defect sciatic nerve of rats. Silicon\u2010OECs\u2014EMC (SOE group), PLGA\u2010ECM (PE group), and silicon\u2010ECM (SE group)\u2014were used as the controls. The survival and distribution of OECs <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, neurohistology and neurofunction of the bridged nerve, were quantitatively evaluated from 1 week to 12 weeks after surgery. PLGA possessed complete compatibility with OECs. After implantation, OECs migrated along the axis of the nerve and survived longer in the POE group than in the SOE group. Gross recovery of the animal, like ulcerious and autophagical rate as well as relative diameter recovery rate of the fiber, was more successful in the POE group than in other groups. The number of the fiber in the middle and distal segments of bridged sites and neurons in anterior horn of the spinal cord was increased in both OECs\u2010contained groups, but the diameter and the myeline thickness of the fiber were increased only in the POE group. The nerve conduction velocity and the amplitude of compound muscle active potential were improved much successfully in the PLGA\u2010guided group than in the silicon\u2010guided group, but the best improvement was encountered in the POE group. Sciatic function index was not improved in all groups at 12 weeks after surgery due to the injury model. These results suggested that PLGA filled with OECs is a significant alternative to conventional autograft in repairing peripheral nerve defects, and OECs are potential seed cells for peripheral nerve tissue engineering. \u00a9 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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