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Benchmarking the regenerative capacity of a commercially available human\u2010derived nerve or xenograft in a rat nerve injury model would provide a convenient platform for future studies seeking to modify the processed nerve graft. Human and rat processed nerve grafts were used to bridge a 14 mm defect in a Sprague\u2010Dawley rat sciatic nerve. Reversed autografts served as a positive control group. Twelve weeks following surgery, the distal nerve stumps were retrograde labeled and harvested for histology and histomorphometry. The cross\u2010sectional areas of the human\u2010 and rat\u2010derived processed nerve grafts were similar. Neuron counts and myelinated axon counts following use of the human\u2010derived processed xenografts were decreased compared with those obtained from both the rat\u2010derived processed nerve allografts and the autografts; the rat\u2010derived processed nerve allografts were statistically equivalent to autografts. Measures of nerve fiber diameter and myelination revealed inferior axon regeneration maturity in both processed nerve grafts compared with autografts. Processed xenografts showed significantly reduced regeneration compared with autografts or processed allografts indicating that cross\u2010species immunological reactions are important considerations in this rat model. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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