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To better understand the relationships among inflammatory and chemotactic mediators, macrophage phenotype and polarizing cytokines, osteoclast activity, and Toll\u2010like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening, we determined how the relative expressions of these factors in the peri\u2010implant tissues correlate to each other and to the life span of the implants using Pearson correlation. The expression of pro\u2010inflammatory mediators and chemokines showed positive correlations among themselves, and with TLR4. Furthermore, M1\u2010polarizing IFN\u2010\u03b3 showed positive correlations with a number of pro\u2010inflammatory and chemotactic mediators, whereas M2\u2010polarizing IL\u20104 showed no such association. IL\u20108 expression significantly correlated with early time to revision. Similar trends were observed for TNF\u2010\u03b1, IFN\u2010\u03b3, and CCL3, while the opposite was detected for IL\u20104. However, none of the inflammatory mediators correlated with the markers of osteoclast activity or the RANKL\/OPG ratio. The results highlight the importance of the inflammatory mediators, IFN\u2010\u03b3 and TLR4, in the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening; increased pro\u2010inflammatory status was associated with early time to revision, whereas IL\u20104 correlated with longer implant survival. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 454\u2013463, 2017.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,26]],"date-time":"2016-09-26T23:18:06Z","timestamp":1474931886000},"page":"454-463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Correlations between macrophage polarizing cytokines, inflammatory mediators, osteoclast activity, and toll\u2010like receptors in tissues around aseptically loosened hip implants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Eemeli","family":"J\u00e4msen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Clinicum University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesa\u2010Petteri","family":"Kouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Clinicum University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki 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