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The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism behind the formation of inflammation induced by TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs. ICR mice were exposed to TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs through intragastric administration at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg\/kg body weight every day for 90 consecutive days. The experiment suggested that long\u2010term exposure to TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs resulted in an obvious inflammatory response in mice lung tissues, which led to a thickened alveoli septum, lung hyperemia, and titanium accumulation. Furthermore, our results show that TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs exposure remarkably altered the expression of inflammation\u2010related cytokines, with increases in proinflammatory cytokines\u2014such as nucleic factor\u2010\u03baB, interferon\u2010\u03b1, interferon\u2010\u03b2, interleukin\u20101\u03b2, interleukin\u20106, cyclo\u2010oxygen\u2010ase, interleukin\u20108, interferon\u2010inducible protein\u201010, and platelet\u2010derived growth factor AB\u2014and decreases in anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines\u2014such as inhibitor of NF\u2010\u03baB suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, endothelin 1, peroxisome proliferators\u2010activated receptors\u2010\u03b3, and peroxisome proliferators\u2010activated receptors coactivator\u20101\u03b1. This finding indicated that TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs cause lung inflammation in mice after intragastric administration, primarily through the NF\u2010\u03baB signaling pathways. Therefore, more attention should be placed on the application of TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> NPs and their potential long\u2010term effects, especially in human beings. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 720\u2013727, 2017.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,22]],"date-time":"2016-10-22T09:13:13Z","timestamp":1477127593000},"page":"720-727","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Lung inflammation caused by long\u2010term exposure to titanium dioxide in mice involving in NF\u2010\u03baB signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, School of Basic Medical and Biological Sciences Soochow University RM702\u20102303, Renai Road No. 199 Dushuhu Higher Edu. 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