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In this study, a combination of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad\u2010MSCs), cancellous bone graft (CBG), and chitosan hydrogel (CHI) was applied to the non\u2010union bone fracture and healing effects were evaluated for the first time. After creation of animal models with non\u2010union fracture in rats, they were randomly classified into seven groups. Radiography at 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery, indicated the positive effects of Ad\u2010MSCs\u2009+\u2009CBG\u2009+\u2009CHI and Ad\u2010MSCs\u2009+\u2009CBG in treatment of bone fractures as early as 2 weeks after the surgery. These data were confirmed with both biomechanical and histological studies. Gene expression analyses of<jats:italic>Vegf<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Bmp2<\/jats:italic>showed a positive effect of Ad\u2010MSCs on vascularization and osteogenic differentiation in all groups receiving Ad\u2010MSCs, as shown by real\u2010time PCR. Immunofluorescence analysis and RT\u2010PCR results indicated existence of human Ad\u2010MSCs in the fractured region 8 weeks post\u2010surgery. In conclusion, we suggest that application of Ad\u2010MSCs, CBG, and CHI, could be a suitable combination for osteoinduction and osteoconduction to improve non\u2010union bone fracture healing. Further investigations are required to determine the exact mechanisms involved in this process before moving to clinical studies. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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