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Therefore, the aim of this study was set to propose a method of differentiating stem cells into esophageal epithelial cells according to biochemical reagent concentration, substrate properties, and mechanical forces. After the concentration of all\u2010trans retinoic acid was determined as 5 \u03bc<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> by a baseline experiment, the degree of differentiation was compared in three different kinds of substrates: cover glass, polyurethane (PU) membrane, and electrospun PU sheet (ePU). Then, on the substrate showing the more positive results, that is, ePU, two types of mechanical forces, intermittent hydrostatic pressure (IHP), and shear stress (SS), were applied individually at different magnitudes for the latter 7 days of an overall incubation period of 14 days. Following various biological assays, the lower IHP (50 mmHg) resulted in greater positive effects than the others. Even with cessation of the mechanical force, the relevant markers were remarkably increased. Although the range of factors regulating differentiation was limited, this study nonetheless demonstrated the combinational effects of mechanical force along with substrate type for the first time in related studies. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 552\u2013560, 2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,3]],"date-time":"2018-11-03T09:03:45Z","timestamp":1541235825000},"page":"552-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Combinational effects of mechanical forces and substrate surface characteristics on esophageal epithelial differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Yanru","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science and Technology Inje University  Gimhae Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Gyeong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Inje University  Gimhae Republic of 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