{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:44:24Z","timestamp":1786977864038,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,13]],"date-time":"2019-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    An array of microneedles (MNs) of chitosan\u2010graphene assembled in porous carbon (CS\u2010GAPC) nanocomposites has been synthesized and evaluated. The safety of the formulated system has been ensured using detailed\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    toxicological studies and efficacy has been ensured by evaluating the stimuli (pH and electric field) initiated drug delivery properties. Drug cephalexin has been incorporated in these MNs.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    toxicological studies of CS\u2010GAPC nanocomposite were performed on Sprague rats, using acute dermal and subacute dermal (ADT&amp; SADT) test, histopathological studies, biochemical studies, and AMES tests. ADT and SADT studies showed that median lethal dose (LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was found greater than 2000\u2009mg\/kg body weight; with no abnormal weight gain and food consumption, during the study period of 28\u2009days. This study showed that administration of CS\u2010GAPC did not cause any substantial alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters of the animals. Histopathological studies showed no significant changes in the control and CS\u2010GAPC administered groups. AMES tests reveal that CS\u2010GAPC nanocomposite is nonmutagenic against the\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella thyphimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains. No abnormalities were observed in the animal's chromosomal aberrations and clastogenic values when the animals were treated with CS\u2010GAPC. At acidic pH of 4, the encapsulated drug was completely released, indicating that the drug release from the prepared nanocomposite is pH dependent. An electric field of 5 V showed optimum drug release, as a function of applied electric pulses. A biologically safe drug encapsulation model system is hence projected for smart drug delivery (pH dependent and electric field triggered) using the microneedle approach. \u00a9 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1582\u20131596, 2019.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T19:07:09Z","timestamp":1552936029000},"page":"1582-1596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Microneedles of chitosan\u2010porous carbon nanocomposites: Stimuli (pH and electric field)\u2010initiated drug delivery and toxicological studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Shankar A.","family":"Gaware","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics Defence Institute of Advanced Technology  Pune Maharashtra, 411025 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasturi A.","family":"Rokade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics Defence Institute of Advanced Technology  Pune Maharashtra, 411025 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