{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:46:46Z","timestamp":1791859606111,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18\u201004\u201000430\u0410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\u201004\u201000430\u0410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ability of high molecular weight (HMW) \u03ba\u2010 and \u03bb\u2010carrageenans of the red marine algae\n                    <jats:italic>Chondrus armatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and their low molecular weight degradation products (LMWDPs) (0.7\u201320 and 10\u2013170\u2009kDa respectively) to influence functional properties (motility and phagocytosis) of murine peritoneal macrophages was assessed in this study as an in vitro and a weeklong feeding experiment. We demonstrated that, with an exception of one, all carrageenan samples at 100\u2009\u03bcg\/ml increased cellular motility and dose\u2010dependently decreased phagocytic activity; LMWDPs of \u03bb\u2010carrageenan suppressed motility and had no effect on phagocytosis. Oral administration of all the carrageenan samples at 100\u2009\u03bcg\/kg\/day for 7\u2009days to mice had no effect on their clinical appearance, body weight, weight of their liver, spleen or thymus or development of noticeable changes to their inner organs. All samples induced a shift of the cell composition of the peritoneal cavity towards macrophages. Consumption of LMWDPs of \u03ba\u2010carrageenan resulted in development of leukopenia, however, no changes to relative WBC count were introduced by either of the samples. All samples decreased murine peritoneal macrophages phagocytic activity, with \u03bb\u2010samples possessing higher efficacy than their \u03ba\u2010counterparts; all LMWDPs stimulated peritoneal macrophages motility, with \u03ba\u2010samples possessing higher efficacy than their \u03bb\u2010counterparts In conclusion, we have shown that \u03ba\u2010 and \u03bb\u2010carrageenans of the\n                    <jats:italic>C. armatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and their LMWDPs suppress phagocytotic activity of peritoneal macrophages under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. This allows them to be viewed as pharmacologically active substances andpropagates the need for their further investigation as such.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:05:17Z","timestamp":1601251517000},"page":"1136-1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Immunological effects of\n                    <i>Chondrus armatus<\/i>\n                    carrageenans and their low molecular weight degradation products"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5120-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardas","family":"Cicinskas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology Vilnius Institute of Natural Sciences  Vilnius Lithuania"},{"name":"School of Biomedicine Far Eastern Federal University  Vladivostok Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Begun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedicine Far Eastern Federal University  Vladivostok Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1049-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria V.","family":"Vikhareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedicine Far Eastern Federal University  Vladivostok Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-6721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri A.","family":"Karetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences  Vladivostok Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6241-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra A.","family":"Kalitnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedicine Far Eastern Federal University  Vladivostok Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13219"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11010006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35898\/ghmj-22188"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-019-01797-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Re\u2010evaluation of carrageenan (E 407) and processed Eucheuma seaweed (E 407a) as food additives","volume":"16","author":"Younes M","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36812"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00018F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01282B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1481822"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01721A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02733"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1512969","article-title":"Functions of macrophages in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis","volume":"2019","author":"Wang S","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"364","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tract digestion and carrageenan: how misconceptions have influenced the understanding of carrageenan safety","author":"McKim JM","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01216-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35693"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2016.1248562"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11062"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000234896"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2003.01575.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708833200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"403","article-title":"The common food additive carrageenan is not a ligand for toll\u2010like\u2010 receptor 4 (TLR4) in an HEK293\u2010TLR4 reporter cell\u2010line model","volume":"5","author":"Chan W\u2010I","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Effect of carrageenan on the induction of cell\u2010mediated cytotoxic responses in vivo","volume":"41","author":"Sakemi T","year":"1980","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-015-0577-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.04.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02022986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(89)90180-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-508"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20333\/2500136-2020-3-78-85"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008071925884"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","unstructured":"Safety evaluation of certain food additives \/ prepared by the Seventy\u2010ninth meeting of the Joint FAO\/ WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 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