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We have previously reported that NaOH\u2013CaCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2013thermal\u2013ICl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2013treated titanium (NaCaThIo) has a nano\u2010scale surface and exhibits antibacterial activity against <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. The present study examined the surface properties of mixed\u2010acid treated and then iodine\u2010treated titanium (MA\u2013NaCaThIo), and evaluated oral antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity compared with the results obtained with NaCaThIo. MA\u2010NaCaThIo formed a surface layer with a nano\u2010scale network structure having microscale irregularities, and both the thickness of the surface layer (1.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.16\u2009\u03bcm) and the average surface roughness (0.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03\u2009\u03bcm) were significantly higher than those of NaCaThIo. Furthermore, MA\u2010NaCaThIo maintained high hydrophilicity with a contact angle of 7.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7\u00b0 even after 4\u2009weeks, as well as improved apatite formation, iodine ion release, and antibacterial activity against <jats:italic>Prevotella intermedia<\/jats:italic> compared to NaCaThIo. Cell culture test revealed that MA\u2010NaCaThIo exhibited no cytotoxicity against MG\u201063 and Vero cells, while increased cell proliferation, ALP activity and mineralization of MG\u201063 compared to NaCaThIo. This treated titanium is expected to be useful for the development of next\u2010generation titanium devices having both bone\u2010bonding and antibacterial properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T10:50:47Z","timestamp":1699872647000},"page":"685-699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhancement of in vitro antibacterial activity and bioactivity of iodine\u2010loaded titanium by micro\u2010scale regulation using mixed\u2010acid treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2428-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhisa","family":"Sawai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University  Takatsuki 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