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However, its poor vascularization has catalyzed research to induce blood vessel formation within the site to enhance cell revascularization and survival. Most studies focus on the subcutaneous space of rodents, which does not recapitulate important anatomical features and vascularization responses of humans. Herein, we evaluate biomaterial\u2010driven vascularization in the porcine subcutaneous space. Additionally, we report the first use of cost\u2010effective fluorescent microspheres to quantify perfusion in the porcine subcutaneous space. We investigate the vascularization\u2010inducing efficacy of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)\u2010delivering synthetic hydrogels based on 4\u2010arm poly(ethylene) glycol macromers with terminal maleimides (PEG\u20104MAL). We compare three groups: a non\u2010degradable hydrogel with a VEGF\u2010releasing PEG\u20104MAL gel coating (Core+VEGF gel); an uncoated, non\u2010degradable hydrogel (Core\u2010only); and na\u00efve tissue. After 2\u2009weeks, Core+VEGF gel has significantly higher tissue perfusion, blood vessel area, blood vessel density, and number of vessels compared to both Core\u2010only and na\u00efve tissue. Furthermore, healthy vital signs during surgery and post\u2010procedure metrics demonstrate\u00a0the safety of hydrogel delivery. We demonstrate that VEGF\u2010delivering synthetic hydrogels induce robust vascularization and perfusion in the porcine subcutaneous space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T09:41:00Z","timestamp":1704706860000},"page":"866-880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["VEGF\u2010delivering PEG hydrogels promote vascularization in the porcine subcutaneous space"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Michelle J.","family":"Quizon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juline N.","family":"Deppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Emory University 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