{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:45:12Z","timestamp":1791942312424,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001400","name":"Wyss Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004326","name":"Bayer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Tin\u2010silver (Sn\u2010Ag) has been used as a permanently implanted biomaterial within the Essure female sterilization device and in dental amalgams; however, little data exist for Sn\u2010Ag's corrosion characteristics and\/or cellular interactions. In this study, to assess its suitability as a degradable metallic biomaterial, 95\u20135 wt% Sn\u2010Ag solder was subjected to corrosion testing including open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and anodic potentiodynamic polarization in phosphate\u2010buffered saline (PBS) and cell culture media (with serum proteins) at room temperature (25\u00b0C) and body temperature (37\u00b0C). Cell culture studies were also performed. Mouse pre\u2010osteoblast cells (MC3T3\u2010E1) were cultured in media on Sn\u2010Ag discs and monitored over 24\u2009h at potentials below, around, or above Sn\u2010Ag's breakdown potential, fixed, and then viewed using SEM. Separately, cells on tissue culture plastic were subjected to increasing concentrations of SnCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in media for 24\u2009h before a live\u2010dead imaging at each concentration to determine cell viability and area fraction covered when compared with a control well. The results show both passive (in PBS), with a breakdown potential of \u2212250\u2009mV versus Ag\/AgCl and active polarization behavior (in AMEM with proteins). EIS results showed polarization resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in the 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009\u03a9cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    range but decreased generally with increasing temperature (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Cells were well attached on Sn\u2010Ag surfaces at OCP and below the breakdown potential, but when anodically polarized, cells reduced their spread area and became more spherical, indicating less viability. SnCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exhibited a dose\u2010dependent killing effect on MC3T3 cells with a lethal dose for 50% of about 0.5\u2009mM. The results of these experiments show that Sn\u2010Ag alloys can be considered as degradable metallic biomaterials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T04:29:58Z","timestamp":1730262598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tin Silver Alloy as a Biomaterial: Corrosion Characteristics and Cellular Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Charley M.","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Clemson University  Clemson South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Clemson \u2010 Medical University of South Carolina Bioengineering Program  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annsley O.","family":"Mace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Clemson University  Clemson South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Clemson \u2010 Medical University of South Carolina Bioengineering Program  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7428-2851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy L.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Clemson University  Clemson South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Clemson \u2010 Medical University of South Carolina Bioengineering Program  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Magnesium Safety Profile","author":"ECRI","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2008.02.003"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"4763","article-title":"Electrochemical Behavior of a Lead\u2010Free SnAg Solder Alloy Affected by the Microstructure Array","volume":"32","author":"Os\u00f3rio W. 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