{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:50:57Z","timestamp":1792723857978,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wearable nanocomposite stretch sensors are an exciting new development in biomaterials for biomechanical motion\u2010tracking technology, with applications in the treatment of low back pain, knee rehabilitation, fetal movement tracking, and other fields. When strained, the resistance of the low\u2010cost sensors is reduced, enabling human motion to be monitored using a suitable sensor array. However, current sensor technologies have exhibited significant drift, in the form of increased electrical resistance, if left stored in typical room conditions. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the influence of several environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, oxygen levels, and light exposure, that could impact the change in electrical properties of these sensors. These physiological conditions are present during use of the sensors on human subjects as well as during sensor storage, making it vital to understand their effects on sensor properties. The electromechanical performance of the sensors stored under a range of conditions was monitored over a period of several weeks. The observations obtained indicate that the presence of oxygen and humidity in the environment where the sensors are stored is the primary contributor to drift in the sensor response. Sensors that are kept in de\u2010oxygenated or desiccated environments do not display an increase in electrical resistance over time. This understanding allows for long\u2010term storage of the sensors without degradation. It also assists in identifying the internal processes at work within the nanoparticle\u2010polymer matrix that cause changes in electrical properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T09:26:35Z","timestamp":1735032395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Significant Environmental Factors in the Drift of Electrical Properties in Conductive Nano\u2010Composite Sensors for Biomechanical Motion\u2010Tracking"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3650-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma E.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BYU Applied Biomedical Engineering Laboratory Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob D.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BYU Applied Biomedical Engineering Laboratory Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton E.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BYU Applied Biomedical Engineering Laboratory Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike H.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BYU Applied Biomedical Engineering Laboratory Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Fullwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BYU Applied Biomedical Engineering Laboratory Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201504755"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsr.202300140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"A. 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E.Bowden \u201cA Study on the Properties of Wearable Nanocomposite Sensors in Diagnosing LBP\u201d(paper presentation: SAMPE University Research Symposium September 22 2021 2nd place MS Category Award)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.111851"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TC00373E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11092183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2021.107178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA22620A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11029-009-9059-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2015.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-011-0814-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b17584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112677"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0015-0568(70)90011-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b800672e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/327597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2015.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"J. D.Carter \u201cEarly Life Drift and Environmental Effects in Nanocomposite Sensors for Biomechanics Applications\u201d(diss. \/master's thesis Provo UT Brigham Young University 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10094033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. B.Hyatt D. T.Fullwood A. E.Bowden R. J.Bradshaw andO.Johnson \u201cNano\u2010Composite Sensors for Wide Range Measurement of Ligament Strain\u201d(paper presentation: SAMPE International Conference May 17\u201320 2010).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9792-0_59"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of Oxygen Absorbers in Food as Packaging Material, Their Characterization and Applications","volume":"61","author":"Gupta P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2008.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"J.Iyer B.Foley F.Qian andS.Aubry Technical Report:Moisture Sorption and Swelling of Sylgard\u2010184(U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information USA 2023)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37863","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37863","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37863","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:54:51Z","timestamp":1791939291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbm.a.37863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37863","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-3296","1552-4965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-3296","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e37863"}}