{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:55:29Z","timestamp":1753869329682,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018629","name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bone loss resulting in large bony defects presents a significant challenge for surgeons. In cases requiring reconstruction, bone \u201cblock\u201d grafts that have the key attributes of both physical robustness and biocompatibility are required to facilitate bone healing and regeneration. Current technologies employed for the development of block grafts often result in constructs with suboptimal strength and integration. This study aimed to develop a bovine\u2010derived bone block graft using the process of supercritical fluid (SCF) extraction to maintain mechanical strength and biocompatibility. Bone blocks were prepared from the condyles of bovine femurs. After optimization, the blocks were divided into six groups; Group 1: Raw bone, Group 2: SCF\u2013CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, Groups 3: SCF\u2013CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2013H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and Group 4: SCF\u2013CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2013H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009Pepsin. Characterization of the constructs included analysis of organic material (thermogravimetric analysis, TGA), crystallinity using x\u2010ray diffraction (XRD), surface topography with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemical composition using Fourier\u2010transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Mechanical strength was assessed using compression testing, and clinically relevant handling was investigated with a bench\u2010top drill test. Biological testing was carried out in\u00a0vitro using human bone marrow\u2010derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The SCF\u2010treated bone blocks showed promising results with enhanced mechanical strength (raw bone [mean\u2009=\u200923.01 8.9\u2009MPa], SCF\u2013CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2013H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> [mean\u2009=\u200948.9\u2009\u00b1\u200911.6\u2009MPa], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) reduced organic content (raw bone\u2009=\u200917.6%, SCF\u2013CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2013H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009Pepsin\u2009=\u200912.4%), and significantly higher hBMSCs' metabolic activity on the SCF\u2013CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and SCF\u2013CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> compared to Bio\u2010Oss at 24, 48, 72, and 96\u2009h (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). SEM photomicrographs showed reduced debris in trabecular structures with open pores after SCF\u2013CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> treatment, especially in SCF\u2013CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2013H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009Pepsin blocks. Moreover, the bench\u2010top clinical handling test demonstrated the ease of block fixation with surgical screws. Overall, the SCF\u2013CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and posttreatments of bovine block grafts showed potential for clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T09:39:25Z","timestamp":1741945165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supercritical <scp>CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/scp> With Enzymatic Posttreatment Enhances Mechanical and Biological Properties of Cancellous Bovine Bone Block Grafts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9086-5889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asrar","family":"Elahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warwick","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5411-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai Chun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanmoy","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir John Walsh Research Institute University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2005.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.10045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1622.1999.01615.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2008.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.08.311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4589-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"1271","volume-title":"IFMBE Proceedings","author":"Karacayli U.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34387"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390802248759"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2009.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2328-0182.japst-12-145"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Allograft Bone and Super Critical Fluid Technology","volume":"25","author":"Newby L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplant Journal of Australasia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00124-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"124","article-title":"Sterilisation Treatments of Corticancellous Allograft in a Rabbit Model","volume":"94","author":"Ganeshalingam R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Proceedings"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","article-title":"Studies on the Sterilization of Human Bone and Tendon Musculoskeletal Allograft Tissue Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide","volume":"6","author":"Nichols A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(94)90162-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"T. 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