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Though conventional 3D extrusion and stereolithographic (SLA) printing readily enable homogeneous and multimaterial hydrogels to be formed with specific macroscopic geometries, strategies that further afford spatiotemporal customization of the underlying gel physicochemistry in a non\u2010discrete manner would be profoundly useful toward recapitulating the complexity of native tissue in\u00a0vitro. Here, we demonstrate that grayscale control over local biomaterial biochemistry and mechanics can be rapidly achieved across large constructs using an inexpensive (~$300) and commercially available liquid crystal display (LCD)\u2010based printer. Template grayscale images are first processed into a \u201cheight\u2010extruded\u201d 3D object, which is then printed on a standard LCD printer with an immobile build head. As the local height of the 3D object corresponds to the final light dosage delivered at the corresponding\n                    <jats:italic>xy<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010coordinate, this method provides a route toward spatially specifying the extent of various dosage\u2010dependent and biomaterial, forming\/modifying photochemistries. Demonstrating the utility of this approach, we photopattern the grayscale polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diacrylate gels, biochemical functionalization of agarose\u2010 and PEG\u2010based gels via oxime ligation, and the controlled 2D adhesion and 3D growth of cells in response to a\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010designed \u03b15\u03b21\u2010modulating protein via thiol\u2010norbornene click chemistry. Owing to the method's low cost, simple implementation, and high compatibility with many biomaterial photochemistries, we expect this strategy will prove useful toward fundamental biological studies and functional tissue engineering alike.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T01:00:16Z","timestamp":1743296416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rapid and Inexpensive Image\u2010Guided Grayscale Biomaterial Customization via\n                    <scp>LCD<\/scp>\n                    Printing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3964-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Francis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3740-6971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Kopyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1954-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9126-7786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4617-5063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy R.","family":"Filteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5994-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Institute for Protein Design University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7896-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Institute for Protein Design University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0337-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cole A.","family":"DeForest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Institute for Protein Design University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell &amp; Regenerative Medicine University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-062011-080945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2023.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-022-00420-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav9750"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201904209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202204301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00621D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222\u2010024\u201000251\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/accountsmr.3c00062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222\u2010024\u201000234\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b09768"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I.Batalov J. 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De Novo Design of Integrin \u03b15\u03b21 Modulating Proteins for Regenerative Medicine(2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.06.21.600123.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.21.600123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2019.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300177k"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901553"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40805-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav5790"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36909-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba4261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2008.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44286-023-00013-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw9021"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37897","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37897","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37897","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37897","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T06:42:29Z","timestamp":1782110549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbm.a.37897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37897","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-3296","1552-4965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-3296","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e37897"}}