{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:05:20Z","timestamp":1778695520794,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001702","name":"AO Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001702","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>Treatment of orthopedic device\u2010related infection (ORDI<\/jats:styled-content>) generally requires a combination of medical and surgical interventions for successful treatment outcomes. Many cases are treated with a two\u2010stage revision, whereby contaminated implants and necrotic tissues are removed, and dead space is managed with a temporary, non\u2010resorbable polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA<\/jats:styled-content>) spacer loaded with antibiotics. Weeks later, this is replaced with a bone graft or similar material to aid bone healing. However, this two\u2010stage approach is quite a burden for the patient, and infection may still recur. The use of a 3D<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010printed, absorbable, antibiotic\u2010releasing material that also promotes bone healing would be a promising alternative that produces the exact geometry of the missing bone and eliminates the need for a second surgery. In this study, we investigated whether a novel 3D<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010printed, antibiotic\u2010loaded, osteoconductive calcium phosphate scaffold (CPS<\/jats:styled-content>) is effective in the single\u2010stage revision of an infected segmental bone defect model in rabbits. A 5\u2010mm segmental defect of the radius of female New Zealand White rabbits (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200964), stabilized with cerclage wire, was inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. After 4\u2009weeks, the infected bone fragment was removed, the site debrided, and the bone defect was either left empty (Control group) or filled with a PMMA<\/jats:styled-content> spacer with gentamicin, CPS<\/jats:styled-content> loaded with rifampicin or non\u2010loaded CPS<\/jats:styled-content>. The animals were also managed with systemic cefazolin for 4\u2009weeks. An additional group received vancomycin\u2010loaded CPS<\/jats:styled-content> without adjunctive systemic antibiotic therapy. All animals were euthanized 8\u2009weeks after revision and assessed by quantitative bacteriology or semiquantitative histopathology. The antibiotic\u2010loaded scaffolds (PMMA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Genta and CPS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Rif) in the animals receiving systemic antibiotic treatment resulted in a reduction in bacterial count at euthanasia compared to controls (rabbits receiving systemic antibiotic alone and in which the defect was left empty). The PMMA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Genta induced a significant CFU<\/jats:styled-content> reduction (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0486) compared to controls. The infection rate was also reduced from 80% in the control group to 50% for the groups receiving local and systemic antibiotics. The CPS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Vanco group for local delivery without adjunctive systemic antibiotic therapy resulted in a lower infection rate, but the CFUs<\/jats:styled-content> in these samples at euthanasia were comparable with those of the control group. The findings show that treating an ODRI<\/jats:styled-content> with PMMA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Genta yields the best results for infection eradication; however, it does not provide the reconstruction opportunity that the antibiotic\u2010loaded CPS<\/jats:styled-content> does. Even though it is not comparable to the PMMA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Genta, the antibiotic\u2010loaded CPS<\/jats:styled-content> showed a reduction in infection rates. The use of local antibiotics alone is insufficient to eradicate the infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T05:20:22Z","timestamp":1745904022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antibiotic\u2010Loaded Polymer\u2010Calcium Phosphate Scaffold for Treating Orthopedic Device\u2010Related Infection in a Rabbit Segmental Bone Defect Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8470-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4845-1922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Siverino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2307-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. F.","family":"Moriarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. J.","family":"Sheehy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"},{"name":"Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland & Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. J.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland & Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4871-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Nehrbass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Arveladze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7846-5612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Constant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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