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In this investigation, 3D tetrahedral bioactive glass particles were fabricated using digital light processing (DLP) additive manufacturing technology. The structural integrity and chemical composition of the particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy\u2010dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm their conformity to design specifications. Additionally, three commercially available bone substitutes\u2014Bio\u2010Oss, PerioGlas, and Osteon\u2014were employed as control materials for comparative analysis. In the experimental phase, four types of particulate materials were loaded into titanium buckets, which were then implanted on the calvarial surface of New Zealand white rabbits with surgically drilled cortical perforations at the implantation site. Micro\u2010computed tomography (micro\u2010CT) and histological evaluations were performed at 4\u2009weeks and 12\u2009weeks post\u2010implantation. The results demonstrated that at 4\u2009weeks, the height of new bone formation induced by the 3D\u2010printed tetrahedral bioactive glass particles was 4.67\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34\u2009mm, with a new bone proportion of 12.42%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.81% and a new bone marrow proportion of 11.58%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.63%. By 12\u2009weeks, no statistically significant differences were observed among the groups in terms of new bone height, new bone proportion, or new bone marrow proportion. However, the 3D\u2010printed particles exhibited a more homogeneous distribution of newly formed bone tissue. The osteogenic efficacy of 3D\u2010printed tetrahedral bioactive glass particles in vertical bone regeneration is comparable to that of traditional bone substitute materials. However, their distinctive tetrahedral structure offers superior uniformity in bone growth. These results indicate that 3D printing technology holds promise for the development of bone substitute materials and merits further optimization as well as clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T12:14:01Z","timestamp":1756556041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of <scp>3D<\/scp>\u2010Printed Bioactive Glass Tetrahedral Particles for Vertical Bone Regeneration: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology\uff08Beihang University), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of industry and Information Technology; National Medical Innovation Platform for industry\u2010Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering); School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine Beihang University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Aerospace Center Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology\uff08Beihang University), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of industry and Information Technology; National Medical Innovation Platform for industry\u2010Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering); School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine Beihang University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology\uff08Beihang University), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of industry and Information Technology; National Medical Innovation Platform for industry\u2010Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering); School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine Beihang University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology\uff08Beihang University), Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of industry and Information Technology; National Medical Innovation Platform for industry\u2010Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering); School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine Beihang University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Aversa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique School of Engineering and Base Science, University of Campania  Aversa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Apicella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique School of Engineering and Base Science, University of Campania  Aversa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology\uff08Beihang University), Ministry of Education; 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