{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:07:06Z","timestamp":1792066026331,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011751","name":"Northwest Kidney Centers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Precision porous scaffolds hold promise for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their ability to support cell ingrowth and vascularization and mitigate the foreign body reaction (FBR). In previous work, we demonstrated that vat photopolymerization 3D printing enables the fabrication of porous scaffolds with 40\u2009\u03bcm interconnected cubical pores. This study aims to do a preliminary evaluation of cellular responses and the FBR to 3D\u2010printed scaffolds with 40\u2009\u03bcm cubical pores, in comparison with template\u2010fabricated spherical pores (optimized for healing) and non\u2010porous slabs (negative control). The results indicate that porous scaffolds, regardless of pore geometry, outperform non\u2010porous structures in mitigating the FBR, promoting tissue regeneration, and triggering vascularization. This is the first paper demonstrating the pro\u2010healing property of high\u2010resolution 3D\u2010printed 40\u2009\u03bcm cubical pore scaffolds. These findings underscore the potential of 3D\u2010printed porous scaffolds to advance patient\u2010specific therapies, support soft (such as brain and blood vessel) and hard tissue (such as bone) repair, and improve healing outcomes in regenerative medicine applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T12:07:17Z","timestamp":1756555637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<scp>3D<\/scp>\u2010Printed Precision Porous Scaffolds Promote Healing In\u00a0Vivo"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1714-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Center for Dialysis Innovation University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Creason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dialysis Innovation University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningjing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dialysis Innovation University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Molecular Engineering &amp; Sciences Institute, University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adia","family":"Kirkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dialysis Innovation University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Center for Dialysis Innovation University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5233-2216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buddy","family":"Ratner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Center for Dialysis Innovation University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Molecular Engineering &amp; Sciences Institute, University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809880-6.00031-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202002153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2009.0639"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006442107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0933-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.24559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202102087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-050014-0.50005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32798"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35958"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31391","article-title":"A Mouse Model to Evaluate the Interface Between Skin and a Percutaneous Device","volume":"83","author":"Isenhath S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A: An Official Journal of the Society for Biomaterials, the Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and the Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/51.4.1275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab5f4e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Characterization of Morphology\u20143D and Porous Structure","author":"Haugen H.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9050160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19971205)37:3<401::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2009.0646"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119727"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328220940194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-021-3593-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Functional 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffolds","author":"Freeze F. Z.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1678-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2012.673152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9081713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9433-2_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.3160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001632"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11111117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","volume-title":"A High\u2010Resolution 3D Printable Porous Biomaterial","author":"Chen G.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.ChenandB. D.Ratner \u201cVat Photopolymerization of Porous Scaffolds: Stabilization and Layer Thickness Control for Micron\u2010Scale Accuracy \u201dbioRxiv(2025): 2025.01.07.631751 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.01.07.631751.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.07.631751"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"Principles of Anatomy and Physiology","author":"Tortora G. J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102717-2.00003-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB00741H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/abd158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-024-00585-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202314757"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq3917"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn6925"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820100308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856208784522083"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(2001)58:3<313::AID-JBM1023>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Long\u2010 and Short\u2010Term Effects of Biological Hydrogels on Capsule Microvascular Density Around Implants in Rats","volume":"58","author":"Ravin A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: An Official Journal of the Society for Biomaterials, the Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and the Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax6919"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(74)90077-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/am501376n"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c02001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202200360"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2022.212948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-021-05066-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmech.2020.589171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.161521"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.48943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32893"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0019-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08839115241287215"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37981","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T04:20:41Z","timestamp":1757910041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbm.a.37981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.a.37981","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-3296","1552-4965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-3296","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4965","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e37981"}}