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In this context, cellulose nanomaterials, such as bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), have emerged as promising alternatives due to their natural origin and mechanical properties. Particularly noteworthy is their chemical malleability, which thereby confers specific functionalities. This comprehensive literature review evaluates the efficacy of nanocellulose scaffolds for the repair of critical bone defects, with a focus on the impact of surface modifications. The effects of inserting bioactive functional groups and adding metal ions are analyzed in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo models. The parameters evaluated include material mineralization (production and precipitation of biogenic apatite, Ca\/P ratio), cell adhesion and proliferation, bioadsorption, degradation, and toxicity. 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