{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T18:01:24Z","timestamp":1785002484924,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004305","name":"Shahroud University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14040016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14040016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pressure ulcers present a serious clinical challenge due to their impaired healing processes and increased risk of infection, particularly for immobilized patients. This study aims to address the need for advanced wound dressings by developing a multifunctional polymeric hydrocolloid\/film that blends zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Cynodon dactylon<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    extract, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). Composite hydrocolloids were fabricated via solvent casting and subsequently cross\u2010linked with SA. We made four different formulations: pure CMC\u2010PVA (H\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), CMC\u2010PVA\/ZnO (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and CMC\u2010PVA\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C. dactylon<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (H\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and CMC\u2010PVA\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C. dactylon<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \/ZnO (H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). The hydrocolloids were characterized using SEM, FTIR, and DLS, and their hemocompatibility, porosity, biodegradation, swelling, blood uptake, cell viability (MTT assay), potential anti\u2010inflammatory\u2010related effects based on protein denaturation inhibition, and in\u00a0vitro release were all tested. The in\u00a0vivo efficacy was assessed utilizing a Wistar rat model for pressure ulcers over a 14\u2010day duration, incorporating histological examinations of the healed tissues. The H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    hydrocolloid had the best microstructure, was very porous (about 70%), broke down in a controlled way, and absorbed fluids very well. FTIR analysis confirmed that bioactive components were successfully added through hydrogen bonding and coordination interactions. The H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    formulation showed satisfactory hemocompatibility (&lt;\u20094% hemolysis), increased fibroblast growth (112% viability at 72\u2009h), and combined anti\u2010inflammatory effects. The H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    hydrocolloid closed about 91% of the wounds in\u00a0vivo, and it did a better job of epithelialization, collagen deposition, and reducing inflammation than the control groups. The CMC\u2010PVA\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C. dactylon<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \/ZnO composite hydrocolloid demonstrates significant potential as a multifunctional wound dressing for the treatment of pressure ulcers, leveraging the synergistic effects of natural extracts and nanoparticles to promote expedited and structured tissue regeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.70115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T14:55:02Z","timestamp":1782572102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Evaluation of Polyvinyl Alcohol\/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Hydrocolloid Incorporating\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Cynodon dactylon<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Extract and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle for Bedsore Healing in a Wistar Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Sahar","family":"Molzemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8098-1467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sepehr","family":"Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Molaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences  Shahroud Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naimeh","family":"Mahheidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Innovation Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED) Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Naeiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences  Shahroud Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Rezvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences  Shahroud Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Haghi\u2010Daredeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences  Shahroud Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6283-8181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences  Shahroud Iran"},{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences  Shahroud Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37778"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-2531"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","article-title":"Prevalence of Pressure Ulcer in Iran's Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Akhkand S. 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