{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T18:01:26Z","timestamp":1785002486603,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01EB024601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01EB024601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Granular hydrogels are attracting increasing attention for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, owing to their highly tunable physical characteristics, exceptional modularity, and naturally interconnected microporosity. These features are also attractive for next\u2010generation biosensors that better integrate with the body. To apply the granular hydrogel paradigm to biosensor development, porphyrin\u2010containing chemo\u2010optical oxygen\u2010 and glucose\u2010biosensing microdomains were encapsulated within poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microparticles (80.8\u2009\u00b1\u200937.0\u2009\u03bcm), which were fabricated using thiol\u2010vinyl sulfone chemistry and a batch emulsification. Importantly, the granular hydrogel system demonstrated shear thinning capabilities and were annealed with a PEG\u2010tetra\u2010thiol linker to form granular hydrogels. This granular hydrogel platform possessed an average porosity of 25.0%\u2009\u00b1\u20096.6% and a low shear storage modulus of 1448.7\u2009\u00b1\u2009708.3\u2009Pa, indicating a low crosslinking density and large mesh size, which permits analyte diffusion to the sensing microdomains. In\u00a0vitro testing of granular hydrogels loaded with oxygen\u2010biosensing microdomains demonstrated responsiveness from 0% to 21% oxygen and a Stern\u2010Volmer quenching constant of 0.0131\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0003\u2009\u03bcM\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Additionally, in\u00a0vitro testing of granular hydrogels with glucose\u2010biosensing microdomains under a physiologically relevant oxygen concentration demonstrated a glucose sensitivity of 0.308\u2009\u00b1\u20090.068\u2009\u03bcs\u00b7dL\/mg, and a sensing range of detection from 32.8\u2009\u00b1\u200918.0 to 180.9\u2009\u00b1\u200917.8\u2009mg\/dL, which spans from hypoglycemia to mild hyperglycemia. Furthermore, biosensing performance was maintained after electron\u2010beam sterilization. In summary, these results demonstrate proof\u2010of\u2010concept for integrating chemo\u2010optical biosensors into granular hydrogels as well as the ability to measure physiologically relevant fluctuations in oxygen and glucose.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.70121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T12:29:34Z","timestamp":1782995374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Granular Hydrogel Composites for Noninvasive Optical Biosensing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Tyrell J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqas","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Texas 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