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Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) is a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide with potential for bone regeneration; however, its brittleness and poor mechanical strength restrict its application. Here, we developed CMC\u2013reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite scaffolds with rGO concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% to overcome these drawbacks. The scaffolds were systematically characterized for their morphological, crystallographic, spectroscopic, and biomechanical properties, as well as their in\u00a0vitro cytocompatibility and in\u00a0vivo osteogenic performance. The incorporation of rGO enhanced structural homogeneity, optimized pore architecture, and significantly improved mechanical strength in a concentration\u2010dependent manner, with tensile strength increasing from 1.64 to 8.13\u2009MPa and elastic modulus from 1.14 to 25.05\u2009MPa. In\u00a0vitro, when MC3T3\u2010E1 cells were grown in osteogenic medium, scaffolds loaded with 0.5%\u20131% rGO led to better cell survival and higher ALP activity\u2014both pointing to stronger osteogenic differentiation. The 2% rGO scaffolds, however, turned out to be toxic to cells. Structural analyses confirmed the preservation of CMC crystallinity and revealed hydrogen bonding between rGO and CMC, elucidating the reinforcement mechanism. In a rat cranial defect model, the 1% rGO scaffold group demonstrated superior new bone formation, mineralization, and trabecular maturation. These findings underscore the dual function of rGO in simultaneously improving the mechanical integrity and osteogenic capacity of CMC\u2010based scaffolds, with 0.5%\u20131% rGO identified as the optimal concentration window for bone tissue engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.70137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T09:30:47Z","timestamp":1785749447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Concentration\u2010Dependent Effects of Carboxymethyl Chitosan\u2013rGO Scaffolds for Oral Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2688-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronghui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial &amp; Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Stomatology &amp; Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial &amp; Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Stomatology &amp; Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial &amp; Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Stomatology &amp; Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial &amp; Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Institute of Stomatology &amp; Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou 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