{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:02:56Z","timestamp":1789459376497,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomedical Materials Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Biomaterials for orthopedic and dental implantation are designed to promote the timely resolution of inflammation and new bone formation while limiting the deposition of fibrotic tissue, which can cause implant failure. During the immune response to implantation, T cells at the peri\u2010implant interface release cytokines that modulate innate immune cell response, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment and proliferation, and new bone formation. However, T cells contribute to fibrosis in tissues such as the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and skin. This study aimed to determine how T cells contribute to peri\u2010implant fibrosis using two biomaterials with differing inflammatory responses: pure titanium (Ti) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Following implantation of these materials in mice, we found greater recruitment of pro\u2010inflammatory macrophages, CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells in response to PEEK implants than to Ti implants. Likewise, macrophages cultured on PEEK surfaces demonstrated higher gene expression and protein secretion of pro\u2010inflammatory factors (IL\u20106, IL\u201017A, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and TGF\u2010\u03b21) than on Ti, an effect robustly enhanced when cells were cocultured with T cells. Finally, MSCs cultured with the conditioned media from macrophage\u2010T cell co\u2010cultures on PEEK had high expression of pro\u2010fibrotic genes. Our findings demonstrate that biomaterial properties directly contribute to MSC differentiation toward myofibroblasts through the activation and crosstalk of macrophages and T cells, suggesting that these cells play a significant role in the fibrotic encapsulation of biomaterials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.70146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:40:46Z","timestamp":1788518446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomaterial\u2010Activated Macrophage\u2010T Cell Crosstalk Promotes Myofibroblastic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Derek","family":"Avery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia 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