{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T13:44:24Z","timestamp":1725457464813},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,19]],"date-time":"2005-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1121731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The capacity of clinically relevant wear particles from Simplex P, Endurance, Vertebroplastic and Palacos R bone cements to activate macrophages to produce cytokines and bone resorbing activity <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> was compared. Cement particles were generated aseptically by using a pin on plate rig. The particles were irregular in shape, and there were no significant differences in the particle characteristics of the different bone cement types (mean equivalent circle diameter range 0.225\u20130.36 \u03bcm, mean area range 0.048\u20130.063 \u03bcm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, mean aspect ratio range 1.481\u20131.593, and mean length 0.412\u20130.523 \u03bcm). The volumetric concentration of particles in the 0.1\u2010 to 1.0\u2010\u03bcm size range was 85% Palacos R, 82% Endurance, 80% Simplex P, and 77% Vertebroplastic. Particles were cultured with C3H macrophages at 100 \u03bcm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> per cell for 24 h. Cytokines were determined by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay and bone resorption (BR) measured by Ca<jats:sup>45<\/jats:sup> release from murine calvarias. Particles of Palacos R and Endurance stimulated enhanced production of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u2010\u03b2, and IL\u20106 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05; ANOVA). Simplex P particles only stimulated IL\u20101\u2010\u03b2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05; ANOVA). Vertebroplastic particles did not stimulate production of any of the cytokines. Particles of Palacos R generated the highest BR (1.38), but this did not reach statistical significance. The BRs for the other bone cements were no greater than the control. Hence, compared with the same volumetric concentrations, particles of Palacos R and Endurance were the most, and particles of Vertebroplastic were the least biologically reactive. \u00a9 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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