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In the present study, currently used titanium was anodized to possess nanotubular surface structures (80 nm inner diameter and 200 nm deep) capable of drug delivery. Such anodized nanotubular titanium surfaces promote bone cell functions (such as adhesion and differentiation) <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> compared with unanodized titanium. To achieve local drug delivery, anodized titanium with nanotubular structures were loaded with penicillin\u2010based antibiotics using a co\u2010precipitation method in which drug molecules were mixed in simulated body fluid to collectively precipitate with calcium phosphate crystals. Results showed for the first time that such co\u2010precipitated coatings on anodized nanotubular titanium could release drug molecules for up to 3 weeks whereas previous studies have demonstrated only a 150\u2010minute release of antibiotics through simple physical adsorption. Furthermore, drug release using co\u2010precipitation from anodized nanotubular titanium was determined to be a diffusion process dependent on first\u2010order kinetics. In addition, contrary to conventional thinking that penicillin\u2010based drug release should decrease cell functions (including both bacteria and mammalian cells), results of this study showed similar osteoblast (bone\u2010forming cell) adhesion between non\u2010drug loaded and drug loaded precipitated calcium phosphate coatings on anodized titanium. Due to the above, these findings represent a promising surface treatment for titanium that could be used for local drug delivery for improving orthopedic applications and, thus, should be studied further. \u00a9 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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