{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T01:39:02Z","timestamp":1759541942499},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]],"date-time":"2010-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dimethacrylate dental composite resins exhibit inherently low toughness. Toughening of these materials may reduce the incidence of marginal and bulk fracture of composite restorations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Objective: To determine if dimethacrylate dental restorative materials can be rubber\u2010toughened, and if so, to identify a possible mechanism.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods: A filler composed of aggregates of polybutadiene\/silica as well as irregularly\u2010shaped silica slabs was produced by mixing silica with polybutadiene in dichloromethane. The dried filler was subsequently ground and sieved to &lt;25 \u03bcm. Polybutadiene\/silica ratios were varied from 0:1 (control) to 0.5:1. EDAX analysis verified the composition of the complex filler. Filler was added to a bis\u2010GMA\/bis\u2010EMA\/TEGDMA resin system and fractured in three\u2010point bend test mode at a crosshead speed of 1 mm\/min. In addition, 1 bar was fractured at a crosshead speed of 0.001 mm\/min to identify a possible mechanism for toughening.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results: In specimens fractured at 1 mm\/min, flexural modulus is increased or maintained and flexural strength and energy to break increase as the amount of polybutadiene in the aggregates increases. Cavitation of high\u2010rubber\u2010containing aggregates is demonstrated. In the one specimen fractured at 0.001 mm\/min, a marked increase in size of high\u2010rubber\u2010containing aggregates along with severe shear damage in the surrounding matrix is shown, suggesting that cavitation with subsequent absorption of energy during shear yielding is the likely mechanism behind the increase in energy to break in bars fractured at 1 mm\/min.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Significance: These results indicate that dimethacrylate dental composite materials can be rubber toughened, which may potentially reduce marginal and bulk fractures of composite restorations, and consequently extend their service lifetime. \u00a9 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]],"date-time":"2010-06-25T23:49:45Z","timestamp":1277509785000},"page":"447-454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Rubber\u2010toughening of dimethacrylate dental composite resin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94B","author":[{"given":"Valerie A.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Lee","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Ralph","family":"Rawls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"Phillips' Science of Dental Materials","author":"Anusavice K. J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"198","article-title":"Longevity of occlusally\u2010stressed restorations in posterior primary teeth","volume":"18","author":"Hickel R","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(01)00010-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(85)90094-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","volume-title":"Fracture Behavior of Polymers","author":"Kinloch AJ","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(02)00078-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-5712(90)90056-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(92)90135-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0109-5641(94)90057-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2003.01153.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.1993.090310511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00548168"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01174511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1994.070530506"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","volume-title":"Toughened plastics II: Novel approaches in science and engineering","author":"Kinloch AJ","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(96)81593-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01184979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","unstructured":"Refractive index of Aerosil 300.2009. Available at:http:\/\/www.evonik.us\/region\/north_america\/en\/Pages\/default.aspx. Access date 21 October 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","unstructured":"Refractive indices of bis\u2010GMA bis\u2010EMA and TEGDMA.2009; Available from:http:\/\/www.esstechinc.com\/. Access date 3 December 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","volume-title":"Fracture Mechanics of Polymers","author":"Williams JG","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01114293"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01114294"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"2\/1","volume-title":"Toughening of Plastics II","author":"Yee AF","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00731112"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(92)90823-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1659831"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00632758"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(01)00194-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.22042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","article-title":"Compliant aggregates reduce polymerization contraction stress in dental composite resins","author":"Lee VA","year":"2007","journal-title":"IADR Abstr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjbm.b.31674","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.b.31674","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jbm.b.31674","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.b.31674","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T19:41:53Z","timestamp":1692819713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbm.b.31674"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbm.b.31674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.b.31674","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4973","1552-4981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4981","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]]}}}