{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:38:55Z","timestamp":1788871135331,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]],"date-time":"2014-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of India","award":["BT\/PR15461\/MED\/32\/167\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR15461\/MED\/32\/167\/2011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extracellular matrices isolated from several mammalian organs\/tissues have found several clinical uses as xenografts or implants. However, they may cause complications because of adverse immunologic reactions. Scaffolds that promote favorable graft\u2010acceptance reaction are preferred for fabricating xenografts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunogenic potential of a porcine cholecyst\u2010derived scaffold (CDS), prepared by a non\u2010detergent\/enzymatic method, in comparison with jejunum and urinary bladder\u2010derived scaffolds in a rat subcutaneous model. Key graft\u2010rejection\/acceptance reaction was evaluated at the site of implantation by studying the occurrence and\/or function of immunocompetent cells in the tissue reaction. There was differential occurrence of M1\u2010macrophage, M2\u2010macrophage, T\u2010helper cells, T\u2010cytotoxic cells, B\u2010cells, and mast cells in the tissue reaction and the CDS attracted few cells compared with other scaffolds. Real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction for evaluating mRNA of functional markers like inducible nitric oxide synthase (M1 macrophage), arginase 1 (M2 macrophage), interferon gamma (TH1 lymphocytes), and interlukin\u20104 (TH2 lymphocytes) suggested that the CDS, compared with the scaffolds prepared from small intestine and urinary bladder, elicited M2 macrophage and TH2 lymphocyte polarization that are congenial graft\u2010acceptance reactions. The results indicated that CDS has less immunogenic potential compared with the scaffolds prepared from jejunum and urinary bladder when used as subcutaneous graft in rats. It was concluded that CDS is a promising animal\u2010derived xenograft for biomedical application. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1302\u20131311, 2015.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]],"date-time":"2014-11-05T01:44:08Z","timestamp":1415151848000},"page":"1302-1311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparative local immunogenic potential of scaffolds prepared from porcine cholecyst, jejunum, and urinary bladder in rat subcutaneous model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Jaseer","family":"Muhamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Pathology Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Trivandrum India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Revi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Pathology Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Trivandrum 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