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The area fractions of bone, marrow, and fibrous tissue in the porous coating of seven treated and seven untreated control implants were determined using histomorphological techniques. The area fraction of bone within the porous coating was greater for anodic oxide treated (23.6\u2009\u00b1\u20098.3%) compared to control implants (l2.7\u2009\u00b1\u20094.7%) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013), and there was less fibrous tissue in the treated implants (18.0\u2009\u00b1\u20099.5%) compared to the controls (33.1\u2009\u00b1\u20097.9%) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006). XPS, XRD, TEM, and SEM analyses of the treated implants revealed a 400 nm\u2010thick titanium oxide layer of low crystallinity with an undulating surface, populated with more than 25 nm\u2010size pores per square micrometer. There was no detectable increase in serum titanium or in generation of particulates locally compared to the control implants. Micro and nanoscale surface modification by anodic oxidation increased bone ingrowth and reduced fibrous tissue, which may extend the longevity of fixation, limiting pathways for particle migration, and impeding the progression of osteolysis and aseptic loosening of arthroplasty components. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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