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Different biomaterials such as metals and their alloys, polymers, ceramics, and composites are currently used for JR implants. This review focuses on (1) the biological response to the different biomaterials used for TJR and (2) the chronic inflammatory and foreign\u2010body response induced by byproducts of these biomaterials. A homeostatic state of bone and surrounding soft tissue with current biomaterials for JR can be achieved with mechanically stable, infection free and intact (as opposed to the release of particulate or ionic byproducts) implants. Adverse local tissue reactions (an acute\/chronic inflammatory reaction, periprosthetic osteolysis, loosening and subsequent mechanical failure) may evolve when the latter conditions are not met. This article (Part 2 of 2) summarizes the biological response to the non\u2010metallic materials commonly used for joint replacement including polyethylene, ceramics, and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), as well as the foreign body reaction to byproducts of these materials. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1685\u20131691, 2017.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T07:54:39Z","timestamp":1460706879000},"page":"1685-1691","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["The biological response to orthopedic implants for joint replacement. II: Polyethylene, ceramics, PMMA, and the foreign body reaction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Gibon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Stanford University Stanford California"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9canique et Biomat\u00e9riaux Ost\u00e9o\u2010Articulaires\u2014UMR CNRS 7052, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine\u2014Universit\u00e9 Paris 7 Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Hopital Cochin, APHP Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"C\u00f3rdova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Stanford University Stanford California"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Chile\u2010Conicyt Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Stanford University Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu\u2010Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Stanford University Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Stanford University Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Hamadouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9canique et Biomat\u00e9riaux Ost\u00e9o\u2010Articulaires\u2014UMR CNRS 7052, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine\u2014Universit\u00e9 Paris 7 Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Hopital Cochin, APHP Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart B.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Stanford University Stanford California"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200800001-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.03.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(88)80007-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01220"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"EssnerA HerreraL YauS\u2010S WangA DumbletonJ ManleyM.Sequentially crosslinked and annealed UHMWPE CR knee wear. 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