{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T15:16:14Z","timestamp":1747149374689,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A major cause of hydrocephalus shunt failure is cell adhesion and obstruction of shunt catheter holes. An estimated 50% of pediatric shunts fail in the first 2\u2009years of insertion, decreasing cell attachment and catheter obstruction can prolong the lifetime and effectiveness of the device. From previous studies, it was shown that treatment of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface of a standard catheter with an N\u2010acetyl\u2010cysteine (NAC\/1\u2010ethyl\u20103\u2010(3\u2010dimethylanimopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride\/N\u2010hydroxysuccinimide) layer increases the wettability of the surface and has been shown to decrease cell adhesion. Other studies indicate that NAC's antioxidant behavior induces glutathione and in turn modulates cell inflammatory pathways. The current study explores the longevity of the NAC coating from the surface of the catheter over time and shows its effect on valve function. Using SEM imaging, contact angle testing, and nanodrop spectrophotometry, this release was quantified for shunt samples incubated for 0, 10, 30, 60, and 90\u2009days. Contact angle showed a significant increase in wettability of the surface when shunts were treated with NAC, confirming successful surface modification. Pressure assays determined that if the coating is release it had no detrimental downstream effects, such as on the shunt valve mechanism. SEM imaging revealed slight deformations in surface coating indicative of salt deposition on the modified shunt samples, while nanodrop spectrophotometry and contact angle data trends suggested some discharge of the NAC coating from the catheter surfaces. The effects of NAC on cell activity may transform the way hydrocephalus is treated in the future by increasing the longevity of the shunt to protect from obstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T04:01:15Z","timestamp":1608264075000},"page":"1177-1187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of <scp>N\u2010acetyl<\/scp> cysteine modified polydimethylsiloxane shunt for improved treatment of hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Saja","family":"Al\u2010Saloum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4448-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mira","family":"Zaranek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Horbatiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pranav","family":"Gopalakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"James P.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn A","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810000351"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Influence of the hole geometry on the flow distribution in ventricular catheters for hydrocephalus","volume":"15","author":"Gim\u00e9nez \u00c1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online BioMed Central"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050223"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"316","article-title":"Biological reactions to cerebrospinal fluid shunt devices: a review of the cellular pathology","volume":"42","author":"Del Bigio MR","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurg U S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6701"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"887","article-title":"Silicone elastomer cerebrospinal fluid shunt systems. 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