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Typically, it is caused by the dissolution of the tooth mineral due to cariogenic organisms. Bioapatite is vulnerable to acid\u2010etching ascribed to a variety of substitutions. This study applied Pb<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> cations to probe the dissolution of synthetic carbonated hydroxylapatite (CHAp) in the acidic environment induced by <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic> sp. It indicated a decreasing tendency of crystallite size (from \u223c400\u2009nm to 10\u201320\u2009nm) during gradual incorporation of carbonate (from 2.5 to 13.8\u00a0wt %). Meanwhile, the shape of CHAp crystals was transformed from elongated to plate\u2010like. Addition of <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic> sp. enhanced P release from CHAp (especially for the CHAp with \u223c8\u00a0wt % CO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) around 10 times. Moreover, the bacterium provided a moderately acidic environment to cause more formation of stable pyromorphite over other Pb\u2010minerals, for example, Pb<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>(PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and PbCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. Then, transmission electron microscopy\u2010energy dispersive X\u2010Ray spectroscopy mapping successfully confirmed the Pb labeling on the newly formed phosphate mineral as Pb (with high\u2010atomic weight) has strong signal under electron microscopy. This study therefore elucidated that Pb labeling has a bright future to explore the degradation of tooth mineral by microorganisms, as well as to evaluate the resistance of calcium phosphate dental restorative materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T07:31:24Z","timestamp":1608795084000},"page":"1230-1238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Applying Pb<sup>2+<\/sup> to probe the dissolution of carbonated hydroxylapatite by <i>Enterobacter<\/i> sp.: A new insight into the bioerosion of tooth mineral"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Shujie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing 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