{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T21:16:28Z","timestamp":1781298988062,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Decellularization approaches have been commonly used as alternative techniques to reconstruct tissues. However, due to the complex tissue compartmentation of the larynx, the decellularization process may not retain the characteristics necessary for the successful recreation of the larynx. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the decellularization process on the framework of the human cadaveric larynx generally and the cricoarytenoid joint specifically. In this work, five freshly frozen human cadaveric larynges were decellularized utilizing a protocol that was previously demonstrated to be effective in decellularizing a porcine larynx. The decellularization protocol included: biological, chemical, and physical decellularization methods. Each specimen served as its own control to assess changes after decellularization. Studies and measurements included: histological, using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E) and Live\/Dead\u2122 stains; DNA quantification; micro\u2010computed tomography (\u03bc\u2010CT) imaging; and biomechanical testing of the cricoarytenoid joints. The decellularization protocol took 12\u2009days for each specimen. Microscopy of H&amp;E stained samples demonstrated substantial removal of cells with preservation of the extracellular matrix that was more evident in cartilage than muscle specimens. Confocal microscope images of Live\/Dead\u2122 stained specimens also demonstrated almost complete removal of cells. Pre\u2010decellularization cartilage\u2010DNA quantity range was 27.0 to 336.8\u00a0ng\/mg while post\u2010decellularization DNA quantity range was 0 to 30.4\u00a0ng\/mg (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.031). For muscles, pre\u2010decellularization DNA quantity range was 150.0 to 3,384.6\u00a0ng\/mg, while post\u2010decellularization DNA quantity range was 0 to 45.5\u00a0ng\/mg (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.031). \u03bc\u2010CT demonstrated preservation of the cartilaginous framework with a slight reduction of cricoarytenoid joint space. Furthermore, \u03bc\u2010CT demonstrated no significant reduction in the Housefield unit (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.25) and mineral density (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.25) after decellularization. Biomechanical testing demonstrated a non\u2010significant reduction of forces required for anterior displacement of the arytenoid (mean reduction of forces, 0.1\u00a0\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0N, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.16) and forces required for posterior displacement of the arytenoid (mean reduction of forces, 0.2\u00a0\u00b1\u20090.3\u00a0N, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.05). This study demonstrates effective decellularization of human larynges as evidenced by significant DNA depletion and preservation of extracellular matrix, which are outcomes that are required for a biological scaffold to regenerate a non\u2010immunogenic larynx. The decellularization process caused minimal weakness in the cricoarytenoid joints due to treatment with multiple detergents and enzymes in the decellularization protocol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T01:41:22Z","timestamp":1618882882000},"page":"2030-2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tissue\u2010engineering the larynx: Effect of decellularization on human laryngeal framework and the cricoarytenoid joint"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Zaid","family":"Al\u2010Qurayshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head &amp; Neck Surgery University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9854-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad I.","family":"Wafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head &amp; Neck Surgery University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head &amp; Neck Surgery University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1923-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliasger K.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"},{"name":"Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197008000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105313442204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002262"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78550-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.02.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tao.2015.999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941212100210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Studies that are not human subjects research. 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