{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:47:37Z","timestamp":1785768457525,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is controversial clinical evidence regarding the added antibacterial benefit of locally administering antiseptic solutions or antibiotics to the infected joint space. The objectives of this in vitro study were to test the efficacy of povidone\u2010iodine (PVP\u2010I) and vancomycin in treating premature and developed <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> biofilms grown on titanium implant surfaces. PVP\u2010I and vancomycin were used to treat immature and developed biofilms formed by two clinical strains of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> (BP043\u2010MRSA, PB011\u2010MSSA). <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> strains were grown as immature (3\u00a0h\u2010old) or developed (24\u2009h\u2010old) biofilm. These biofilms were grown on titanium plasma sprayed discs. The treatment regimens tested were: 0.8% PVP\u2010I, 500\u2009\u03bcg\/ml vancomycin as well as a combination of vancomycin and PVP\u2010I. PVP\u2010I was tested at 3\u00a0min, as per current clinical practice, versus 1\u00a0min treatment times. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the PVP\u2010I and vancomycin was tested using fresh skeletal muscle tissue cores harvested from the rat's abdominal muscles using alamarBlue assay. The combination of PVP\u2010I (3\u00a0min) and vancomycin (24\u2009h.) showed synergistic interaction and the best efficacy against immature biofilms formed by both clinical strains. This degree of eradication was statistically significant compared to the untreated control, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001. However, this combination therapy had limited efficiency against developed biofilms. Also, PVP\u2010I alone was more effective when exposure time was 3\u00a0min instead of 1\u00a0min against immature biofilm for MRSA, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.02, and MSSA, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.01. PVP\u2010I and vancomycin were not effective against developed biofilm regardless of exposure time. Also, combining PVP\u2010I and vancomycin was not cytotoxic to muscle tissue. Combining PVP\u2010I with vancomycin is superior in reducing viable <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> cells in immature biofilms grown on titanium surface without causing significant cytotoxicity to muscle tissue. Exposure times and biofilm maturity play a role in dictating the efficacy of using local antiseptics and antibiotics to treat biofilms on implant surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T08:00:39Z","timestamp":1673510439000},"page":"1133-1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Combining <scp>povidone\u2010iodine<\/scp> with vancomycin can be beneficial in reducing early biofilm formation of <scp>methicillin\u2010resistant<\/scp><i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> and <scp>methicillin\u2010sensitive<\/scp><i>S. aureus<\/i> on titanium surface"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Mariam","family":"Taha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa Ontario Canada"},{"name":"The Ottawa Hospital Division of Orthopedic Surgery Ottawa  Ottawa Ontario 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