{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:48:02Z","timestamp":1784908082636,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020473","name":"Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/II.7\/HK\/2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/II.7\/HK\/2003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hydroxyapatite (HAp; Ca<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>(PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>)) has good biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity as a bone implant because the main inorganic mineral of human bone is HAp. The use of scaffold HAp from biogenic resources that contain high calcium and polymer as a pore forming agent to support bone growth is a longstanding area of interest. In this study, porous scaffolds based on HAp were synthesized from sand lobster (SL; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Panulirus homarus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>) shells as a source of calcium using the porogen leaching method with polyethylene oxide (PEO) and chitosan (Chs) as polymeric porogen. The present study aims to synthesize HAp derived from SL shells and evaluate the effect variations of PEO on the physicochemical properties of the scaffold and cytotoxicity in cell viability assay. Briefly, the SL shell powder was calcinated with temperature variations of 600\u00b0C, 800\u00b0C, and 1000\u00b0C for 6\u2009h. Based on the characterization, it was shown that 1000\u00b0C was the optimum calcination temperature for SL shells to synthesize HAp using the precipitation method. The characterization results of HAp using energy dispersive x\u2010ray (EDX) revealed that the molar ratio of Ca\/P was 1.67. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and x\u2010ray diffractometer (XRD)\u00a0spectral patterns indicated that HAp had been successfully synthesized with minor \u03b2\u2010tricalcium phosphate (\u03b2\u2010TCP), a calcium phosphate with high biocompatibility. Porous scaffolds were synthesized by varying the concentration of PEO at 0, 5, 10, and 15\u2009wt %. Physicochemical analysis revealed that a higher concentration of PEO affected decreased crystallinity and compressive strength, but on the other hand, the porosity and pore sizes increased. Based on the physicochemical analysis, the synthesized porous scaffold showed that HAp\/PEO\/Chs 15\u2009wt % had the most potential as a scaffold for biomedical applications. MTT Assay, after 24\u2009h incubation, revealed that the scaffold was safe for use at low concentrations on the MC3T3E1 osteoblast cells, with a percentage of cell viability of 83.23\u2009\u00b1\u20093.18% at 23.4375\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. Although the cell viability decreased at higher concentrations, the HAp\/PEO\/Chs 15\u2009wt % scaffold was cytocompatible with the cells. Thus, in the present study, HAp\/PEO\/Chs 15\u2009wt % was the best scaffold based on pore structure, chemical composition, mechanical and crystalographic properties and cell viability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T06:20:44Z","timestamp":1698214844000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Porous scaffold hydroxyapatite from sand lobster shells (<scp><i>Panulirus homarus<\/i><\/scp>) using polyethylene oxide\/chitosan as polymeric porogen for bone tissue engineering"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Kadek Hariscandra Dinatha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Universitas Gadjah Mada  Yogyakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Jamilludin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Universitas Gadjah Mada  Yogyakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apri I.","family":"Supii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Marine and Land Bioindustry National Research and Innovation Agency  Bali Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hevi","family":"Wihadmadyatami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada  Yogyakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliasih","family":"Partini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Universitas Gadjah Mada  Yogyakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9104-9333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusril","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Universitas Gadjah Mada  Yogyakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/546\/4\/042031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.07.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022007000400025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/310935"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2021.2018315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-021-00203-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/546\/4\/042001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21870764.2019.1595927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1189\/1\/012024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.10.108"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"2212","article-title":"Syntesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite\u2010chitosan scaffold films obtained from oceanic sand lobster shells","volume":"20","author":"Annapoorani CL","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elementary Educ Online"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jascer.2015.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-007-3156-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Synthesis of hydroxyapatite from biogenic wastes","volume":"3","author":"Laonapakul T","year":"2015","journal-title":"KKU Eng J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2021-102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/432\/1\/012045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21870764.2020.1770938"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.02.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12091962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/p-c1qrat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aca31c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6262\/ac5d43"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11581-006-0035-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13203484"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2022.2036934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.377.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.01.046"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"Medical grade hydroxyapatite: State of the Art","volume":"95","author":"Wilman G","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bristh Ceram Tras"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA05214C"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.b.35341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T12:47:51Z","timestamp":1754484471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbm.b.35341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbm.b.35341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.b.35341","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4973","1552-4981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4981","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e35341"}}