{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:38:29Z","timestamp":1775018309951,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The bone formation response of ceramic bone graft materials can be improved by modifying the material's surface and composition. A unique dual\u2010phase ceramic bone graft material with a nanocrystalline, hydroxycarbanoapatite (HCA) surface and a calcium carbonate core (TrelCor\u00ae\u2014Biogennix, Irvine, CA) was characterized through a variety of analytical methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the TrelCor surface (magnification 100\u2013100,000X) clearly demonstrated a nanosized crystalline structure covering the entire surface. The surface morphology showed a hierarchical structure that included micron\u2010sized spherulites fully covered by plate\u2010like nanocrystals (&lt;60\u2009nm in thickness). Chemical and physical characterization of the material using X\u2010ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X\u2010ray Spectroscopy (SEM\u2013EDX) showed a surface composed of HCA. Analysis of fractured samples confirmed the dual\u2010phase composition with the presence of a calcium carbonate core and HCA surface. An <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> bioactivity study was conducted to evaluate whether TrelCor would form a bioactive layer when immersed in simulated body fluid. This response was compared to a known bioactive material (45S5 bioactive glass \u2010 Bioglass). Following 14\u2010days of immersion, surface and cross\u2010sectional analysis via SEM\u2013EDX showed that the TrelCor material elicited a bioactive response with the formation of a bioactive layer that was qualitatively thicker than the layer that formed on Bioglass. An <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> sheep muscle pouch model was also conducted to evaluate the ability of the material to stimulate an ectopic, cellular bone formation response. Results were compared against Bioglass and a first\u2010generation calcium phosphate ceramic that lacked a nanocrystalline surface. Histology and histomorphometric analysis (HMA) confirmed that the TrelCor nanocrystalline HCA surface stimulated a bone formation response in muscle (avg. 11% bone area) that was significantly greater than Bioglass (3%) and the smooth surface calcium phosphate ceramic (0%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T10:14:55Z","timestamp":1715768095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization of an advanced bone graft material with a nanocrystalline hydroxycarbanoapatite surface and dual phase composition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4876-2309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark D.","family":"Borden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogennix  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin Clayton","family":"Shors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogennix  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vedran","family":"Lovric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.060019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1997.68.11.1076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.70.12.3511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736\u20100266(03)00005\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200105)55:2<151::AID-JBM1001>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.09.086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820070304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199603)30:3<273::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820100202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b00630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v1.i1.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.34.20200063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u201008\u2010102717\u20102.00001\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2007.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824\u2010018\u20100149\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2009.0065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"Bone regeneration: molecular and cellular interactions with calcium phosphate ceramics","volume":"1","author":"Barr\u00e8re F","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbx024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1202159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201044620\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2017.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2019.100031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.218-220.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748\u2010605X\/aa69c3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.309-311.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301\u2010620X.90B12.20931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.493-494.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142\u20109612(91)90194\u2010F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36949"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7bm00717e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2007.501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2021.73931.1609"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1468\u20106996\/12\/6\/064708"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02405032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223\u2010008\u20109164\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.4950260404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086\u2010199812000\u201000028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003600107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"vanArnhemAL ZengN vanLeeuwenA KuijerR BosRRM GrijpmaDW.Evaluation of osteoinductivity of different calcium phosphate and ptmc\u2010calcium phosphate composite biomaterials in a sheep model.2019;666800. doi:10.1101\/666800","DOI":"10.1101\/666800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2004.10.1518"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.09.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2004.10.1018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr800427g"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.911180"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.b.35416","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T16:38:17Z","timestamp":1715791097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbm.b.35416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbm.b.35416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.b.35416","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4973","1552-4981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4981","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e35416"}}