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This study investigates the impact of interleukin\u20104 (IL\u20104), an anti\u2010inflammatory factor, on cartilage regeneration of hydrogel encapsulating autologous auricular chondrocytes in a rabbit subcutaneous environment. Initially, we assessed the influence of IL\u20104 on chondrocyte proliferation and determined the appropriate concentration using the CCK\u20108 test in vitro. Subsequently, we loaded IL\u20104 into gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel containing chondrocytes and measured its release profile through ELISA. The constructs were then implanted autologously into rabbits' subcutis, and after 3, 7, 14, and 28\u2009days, cartilage matrix formation was evaluated by histological examinations, and gene expression levels were detected by qRT\u2010PCR. Results demonstrated that IL\u20104 promotes chondrocyte proliferation in vitro, and maximum release from constructs occurred during the first week. In the rabbit subcutaneous implantation model, IL\u20104\u2010loaded constructs (20\u2009ng\/mL) maintained a superior chondrocytic phenotype compared to controls with increased expression of anti\u2010inflammatory factors. These findings highlight IL\u20104 as a potential strategy for promoting chondrogenesis in a subcutaneous environment and improving ear reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T01:09:38Z","timestamp":1724893778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interleukin\u20104\u2010Loaded Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel Promotes Subcutaneous Chondrogenesis of Engineered Auricular Cartilage in a Rabbit Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0243-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinqiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiyue","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111512"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.28315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.03.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199904010-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(03)00156-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700289"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/000113754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0209-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19476035221098167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025749"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096925"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.2.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"975","article-title":"Interleukin\u20104\u2010Induced Macrophage Fusion Is Prevented by Inhibitors of Mannose Receptor Activity","volume":"149","author":"McNally A. 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