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Various fabrication strategies have been explored to achieve this goal, each contributing unique advantages and challenges to the development of functional vascular grafts. In this study, a three\u2010layered tubular structure resembling vascular grafts was fabricated using biocompatible and biodegradable copolymers of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) using advanced manufacturing techniques. The outer layer was fabricated by template\u2010assisted electrospinning utilizing a 3D\u2010printed scaffold with a precise hexagonal pore design as the template, and the inner layer was coated with gelatin through perfusion. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were incorporated into electrospun fibers to enhance mechanical properties. The gelatin coating was applied to the lumen using perfusion coating, resembling the inner layer. Integration of 3D\u2010printed structures with electrospun fibers via template\u2010assisted electrospinning and gelatin coating resulted in a seamless multilayered scaffold. Mechanical testing demonstrated robustness, surpassing natural arteries in some aspects, while the gelatin coating significantly reduced liquid leakage, ensuring leak\u2010free functionality. Cytotoxicity assessment confirmed the biocompatibility of processed materials with fibroblast cells, supporting potential for medical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T02:38:50Z","timestamp":1735612730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Template\u2010Assisted Electrospinning and\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    Printing of Multilayered Hierarchical Vascular Grafts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Moein","family":"Zarei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin  Szczecin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek J.","family":"\u017bwir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin  Szczecin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Michalkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin  Szczecin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Gor\u0105cy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, &amp; Independent Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin  Szczecin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2474-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslawa","family":"El Fray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer and Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin  Szczecin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32471-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.02.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscai.2022.100403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/IJCDW_17_2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200700002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Anatomy, Blood Vessels","author":"Tucker W. 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