{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:12:09Z","timestamp":1791994329811,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although bone tissue has the ability to regenerate itself, this regeneration capacity may be limited in large defects or pathological conditions. The development of biomaterials and tissue scaffolds is of critical importance in supporting bone regeneration. In this context, polymer nanocomposites, which are increasingly gaining interest in bone tissue engineering, benefit from both the flexibility of the polymer and the mechanical strength of inorganic components by dispersing nano\u2010sized fillers in the polymer matrix. This study is important in terms of the multifaceted characterization of the hybrid composite material formed with optimized reinforcement ratios of polylactic acid (PLA), hydroxyapatite (HA), and titanium dioxide (TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) components. The originality of the study stems from the comprehensive examination of the mechanical, morphological, thermal, and biological properties of the material in question and the determination of the optimum reinforcement range in light of data obtained from the studies of different researchers in the literature. This multiparameter and holistic approach contributes to the expansion of the potential application areas of the material and the development of a more in\u2010depth understanding of the field of materials science. This study aims to investigate the thermal, mechanical, and morphological effects of HA and TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> reinforcement and reinforcement ratio on nano PLA matrix material. To synthesize these composites, 10% nano HA and different ratios of nano TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (1%, 2%, and 3%) were added to the nano PLA matrix material. Specimens were prepared by using the casting particle removal method. For the biocompatibility test of the samples, all composite samples were immersed for 1\u20134\u2009weeks in simulated body fluid (SBF). For the investigation of mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties, SEM, EDS, XRD, DTA, DCS, TG analyses, and compression tests were performed. As a result, it was observed that the apatite layer on the sample surfaces gradually thickened as the residence time in the SBF increased, and the HA and TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> reinforcement to the matrix material supported the formation of the apatite layer. Also, the highest mass loss was seen in PLA\/HA samples. The decomposition temperature of the composites decreased with the addition of HA and TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> to the PLA matrix material. In addition, it has been observed that increasing the TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> reinforcement ratio improves the mechanical properties of the composite and increases its strength.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T11:58:56Z","timestamp":1745927936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of the Effects of Nano <scp>TiO<sub>2<\/sub><\/scp> and <scp>HA<\/scp> Reinforcement Ratio on Mechanical, Morphological, and Thermal Properties of <scp>PLA<\/scp> Matrix Bio Composites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8214-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatice","family":"Evlen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Design Engineering Department Karabuk University  Karabuk T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00fcmeyye Ceren","family":"Ero\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Design Engineering Department Karabuk University  Karabuk T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8010020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"\u00dc. \u00d6.Laleg\u00fcl \u201cProduction and Development of Electromagnetic Nanocomposites for Biotechnology Applications\u201d(PhD thesis Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science Department of Chemistry 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"European Union Environment Commission \u201cStrategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy \u201daccessed July 10 2024 https:\/\/environment.ec.europa.eu\/strategy\/plasticsstrategy_en#:~:text=The%20EU%20adopted%20a%20European carbon%20neutral%20and%20circular%20economy."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Tar\u0131msal at\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7evre dostu plastiklere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc","volume":"521","author":"Bah\u00e7eg\u00fcl E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bilim ve Teknik"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"988","article-title":"Biyobozunur G\u0131da Ambalaj Malzemeleri","volume":"17","author":"K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7 M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"AK\u00dc FEM\u00dcB\u0130D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31466\/kfbd.395192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7216\/130075992014219505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2008.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0202152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201000135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2008.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Compressive Strength of PLA Based Scaffolds: Effect of Layer Height, Infill Density and Print Speed","volume":"11","author":"Dave H. K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"N.Demirkol \u201cKoyun hidroksiapatit esasl\u0131 kompozitlerin \u00fcretimi ve karakterizasyonu\u201d(PhD thesis \u0130stanbul Technical University Institute of Science and Technology 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35414\/akufemubid.482743"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Surface Characteristics of the Implant Systems and Osseointegration","volume":"2","author":"Uzun G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniversitesi Di\u015f Hekimli\u011fi Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2004.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856\u2010011\u20104435\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Polyurethane\u2013Hydroxyapatite Bionanocomposites: Development and Characterization","volume":"54","author":"Ciobanu G.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemical Bulletin (Beijing, China)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"\u0130.\u00d6zcan \u201cBiyomineralizasyonu tetikleyen fonksiyonel ve biyobozunur bir kemik doku m\u00fchendisli\u011fi iskelesi yap\u0131m\u0131\u201d(PhD thesis \u0130stanbul Technical University Institute of Science and Technology 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7317\/pk.2021.45.4.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"10629","article-title":"Photocatalytic Oxidation of PLA\/TiO2 Composite Films for Indoor Air Purification","volume":"6","author":"Pattamaphon C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASC Omega"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15625\/2525\u20102518\/17622"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.05.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Nano katk\u0131lar\u0131n polimerlerin ergime (Tm) ve cams\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015f (Tg) s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131na etkisi","volume":"5","author":"Ka\u015ftan A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"M\u00fchendislik ve Teknoloji Bilimleri Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"D.Teker \u201cHidrotermal \u00d6n\u2010\u0130\u015flem Yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Titanyum Y\u00fczeyinin Yapay V\u00fccut S\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 (SBF) Yard\u0131m\u0131yla Apatit Mineraliyle Kaplanmas\u0131\u201d(Master's thesis GYTE Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0142\u20109612(03)00636\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","series-title":"Biomedical Science and Tech Series","volume-title":"Bioinert Ceramics for Biomedical Applications","author":"Anjaneyulu U.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-004905-9.50007-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i1.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","first-page":"498","article-title":"Toughening and Strengthening Mechanisms of Porous Akermanite Scaffolds Reinforced With Nano\u2010Titania","volume":"5","author":"Feng P.","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2010.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.09.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","unstructured":"B.Bulut \u201cKemik Doku Uygulamalar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in TiO2\/kermanit Katk\u0131l\u0131 Kitosan Doku \u0130skelelerinin \u00dcretimi Ve Karakterizasyonu\u201d(Master's thesis Bursa Technical University Science Institute 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2009.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/2028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","unstructured":"N.Metin \u201cOrganik hidroksiapatit tozlar\u0131n\u0131n sinterlenmesi ve karakterizasyonu\u201d(Master's thesis \u0130stanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142\u20109612(00)00047\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2006.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2013.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/APP.4213842138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA14538K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289\u2010016\u20101881\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.31883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.20606"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","unstructured":"M.Karabulut \u201cThe Effect of Inorganic Composites on the Thermal Degradation of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)\u201d(Master's thesis Natural and Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221\u2010011\u20100180\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099\u20100488(20010201)39:3<300::AID\u2010POLB1002>3.0.CO;2\u2010M"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.07.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2005.06.005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.b.35590","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T12:58:21Z","timestamp":1747313901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbm.b.35590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbm.b.35590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.b.35590","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4973","1552-4981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4981","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e35590"}}