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Fluoride\u2010free curcumin\u2010loaded varnish (CUR\u2010V) consisting of gum rosin (80\u2009wt%) and ethanol (20\u2009wt%) was loaded with 0, 0.25, and 10.0\u2009wt% curcumin and then analyzed with FTIR. Subsequent investigation included applying ~19\u2009mW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    blue light for 15, 30, or 60\u2009min (in order of increasing energy dose) to the varnishes and measuring the change in varnish color and the production of reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen and superoxide anion), as well as performing CFU count and XTT assays of 24\u2010h mono\u2010species biofilms of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Lastly, a 72\u2010h dual\u2010species biofilm of both species was assessed with a CFU count assay. As the light energy applied to the 0.25% CUR\u2010V and 0.00% CUR\u2010V samples increased, there was a reduced and quantifiable difference in color between these two varnish groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In addition, singlet oxygen production was most dependent on curcumin loading in the varnish, while superoxide anion production appeared more dependent on blue light energy (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for both). In subsequent investigations of mono\u2010 and dual\u2010species biofilms, the ability to induce an agonistic antimicrobial response as a function of curcumin loading in the natural varnish and blue light energy was demonstrated. Inherently, as curcumin loading and blue light energy increased, the photoelimination of both species investigated increased. As expected, the impact of aPDT on the 72\u2010h biofilm was less than that observed for the 24\u2010h biofilm; however, the more mature dual\u2010species biofilm still observed a photoelimination effect with greater curcumin concentration. This study provides early evidence toward the development of a new natural curcumin\u2010loaded fluoride\u2010free varnish that, when combined with blue light irradiation, shows significant potential to effectively provide a targeted antimicrobial response against cariogenic species. To date, there is no similar approach that can serve as a natural, fluoride\u2010free over\u2010the\u2010counter alternative to assist in caries prevention and treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T09:06:00Z","timestamp":1747645560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a New Curcumin\u2010Loaded Dental Varnish for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Application"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Comeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science Concordia University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"College of Dentistry University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5700-5097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Manso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517750572"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cGlobal Oral Health Status Report: Towards Universal Health Coverage for Oral Health by 2030 \u201d2022Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cGlobal Oral Health Status Report: Towards Universal Health Coverage for Oral Health by 2030 \u201d2023Regional Summary of the Western Pacific Region Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12362"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517693566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211056247"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19041954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22423982.2020.1804260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9060064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2017.170172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22514\/jocpd.2022.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201021363\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/22808000221112989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1020995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2019.1606907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm_00000455"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA117.000123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"574","article-title":"Anti\u2010Inflammatory Activity of Curcumin Analogues","volume":"75","author":"Srihari Rao T.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2005.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Ahsan N.Parveen U.Khan andS. 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