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The contact of the implant is made through the surface, which is coated with calcium phosphate ceramics for better integration into the bone. The aim of the present work is to optimize these coatings by making them thinner (20\u2009\u03bcm) and doping them with copper to add antimicrobial functionality. Four different coating materials were used: hydroxyapatite, Bioglass, GB14, and beta tricalcium phosphate. The coatings were applied by high velocity suspension flame spraying. The titanium rods with the coatings were then implanted bilaterally into the femoral condyles in 144 New Zealand White rabbits, and ingrowth was evaluated after 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24\u2009weeks. Biomechanical (previously published), histological, and histomorphometric analyses were conducted. Histologically, Cu\u2010doped HA, GB14, and \u03b2\u2010TCP showed normal ingrowth behavior, with the coating not completely degraded after 24\u2009weeks and remaining in contact with the bone. Bioglass showed rapid degradation and calcium loss from the bone. However, no negative effect of Cu doping on bone cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes and connective tissue cells) was observed. Via histomorphometry, Bioglass showed low bone mineralization, while TCP, HA and GB14 revealed an increase in mineralization over time to values between 70%\u201395%. Comparable results were obtained with the undoped coatings. The bone\u2010coating contact was in a similar range to the mineralization because of the coating's incomplete degradation after 24\u2009weeks. The thinner coating could also be applied to titanium rods of the same quality (as the titanium plates in Burtscher et\u00a0al.) using HVFSF. In animal experiments, all rods, regardless of the coating, could be well inserted\u2014there was no delamination. Histology and histomorphometry showed that BG was not suitable for long\u2010term coating as it had already degraded after 4\u2009weeks and also caused calcium loss in the bone. The other coatings were clearly more suitable. However, we also found that still far too much coating remained after 24\u2009weeks because it was too dense.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T05:55:28Z","timestamp":1750658128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of 20\u2010\u03bcm\u2010Thin Ceramic Coatings of Hydroxyapatite, Bioglass, <scp>GB14<\/scp> and \u03b2\u2010<scp>TCP<\/scp> With Copper on the Ingrowth Behavior of Femoral Implants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Eugen","family":"Subkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"G.E.R.N. 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