{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T15:13:15Z","timestamp":1761664395208,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJTM22A4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJTM22A4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Preventing bacterial infections on Ti\u2010based medical products is crucial, driving the need for durable antibacterial surfaces with enhanced mechanical strength and photocatalytic activity. This study introduces an anodization process for fabricating a hard barrier\u2010type TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    layer on a Ti substrate with visible\u2010light\u2010responsive photocatalytic activity. The core technology involves using an electrolyte comprising nitrate and ethylene glycol maintained at a high temperature to improve the layer hardness and photocatalytic performance. The layer characteristics, including thickness, crystallinity, and density, sensitively varied with increasing electrolyte temperature. For instance, raising the temperature to 100\u00b0C increased the layer thickness and density. By contrast, the thickness decreased beyond 100\u00b0C, leading to the deterioration of photocatalytic performance. Using ethylene glycol containing 100\u2009mM nitrate maintained around 100\u00b0C was appropriate for maximizing layer hardness and photocatalytic performance. The resulting monolithic TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    layer exhibited a hardness of ~450\u2009HV, approximately twice that of the Ti substrate. Moreover, it effectively reduced the number of living\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    to ~4\/100 under ultraviolet (UV) light and ~4\/10 under visible light after 4\u2009h of illumination. These results provide a guideline for obtaining a semi\u2010permanent antibacterial medium through anodization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T05:07:49Z","timestamp":1759295269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Formation of a Hard Photocatalytic Antibacterial\n                    <scp>\n                      TiO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Layer on Ti Surface via Anodization in Hot Nitrate\/Ethylene Glycol Electrolyte"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7935-3949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naofumi","family":"Ohtsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Kitami Institute of Technology  Kitami Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1472-8728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryota","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Kitami Institute of Technology  Kitami Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4396-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Kitami Institute of Technology  Kitami Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199510000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.155-166.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2007.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.04.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30611","article-title":"Bacteria and Cell Cytocompatibility Studies on Coated Medical Grade Titanium Surfaces","volume":"78","author":"Harris L. 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