{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T07:39:10Z","timestamp":1774597150102,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds met a pressing need for degradable matrices that matched the architecture and mechanics of soft tissues, yet neat poly(\u03b5\u2010caprolactone) (PCL) fibers often exhibited low surface energy, modest stiffness, and a loss of strength after sterilization and hydration. Graphene additives were expected to provide interfacial reinforcement and wettability improvements, but the effects of specific functional groups at low loading and under clinically relevant conditioning conditions had not been clarified. This study aimed to engineer sterilization\u2010resistant, water\u2010stable PCL scaffolds by comparing carboxyl\u2010 and hydroxyl\u2010functionalized graphene (CFG and HFG) and defining an operating window via response surface methodology. PCL was electrospun with 0.5\u20132.0\u2009wt% CFG or HFG while varying voltage; dispersion and chemistry were verified by FTIR and Raman mapping, thermal behavior by DSC\/TGA, mechanics by tensile and DMA including cyclic loading, stability by EtO and \u03b3 sterilization with wet testing, surface energetics by contact angles and Owens\u2013Wendt analysis, protein adsorption by BSA\/fibronectin assays, cytocompatibility by human dermal fibroblasts, and aging by PBS degradation with GPC. The 1\u2009wt% composites increased ultimate tensile strength by ~45%\u201355% and modulus by ~40%\u201355% relative to neat PCL, with modest reductions in elongation; storage modulus increased across \u221220\u00b0C to 60\u00b0C, and the composite retained ~98% stiffness after 50\u2009cycles compared with ~90% for PCL. After \u03b3\u2010sterilization, strength retention was ~90%\u201392% for composites versus ~80% for PCL; wet\u2010state modulus retention approached ~95%. Tc shifted upward by 2\u00b0C\u20133\u00b0C and crystallinity increase by ~5%\u20138%, while TGA showed a ~10\u00b0C onset increase; Raman maps confirmed uniform dispersion with \u2009\u2248\u20091.1 (CFG) and \u22481.0 (HFG). Contact angle fell from ~130\u00b0 (PCL) to ~90\u00b0\u201395\u00b0, fibronectin adsorption increased and correlated with Day\u20107 viability (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2248\u20090.95), hemolysis stayed near 1%\u20132%, and bacterial attachment decreased to ~70%\u201380% of PCL. Response\u2010surface analysis identified a practical region around 1.2\u20131.3\u2009wt% graphene and 16\u201318\u2009kV that balanced strength and sterilization retention. These findings supported use in soft\u2010tissue scaffolds requiring robust handling and rapid cell coverage, and suggested extension to scale\u2010up studies and in\u00a0vivo validation, including sterilization dose mapping and sustained\u2010release add\u2010ons.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.70049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T09:54:11Z","timestamp":1773136451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Graphene\u2010Modified Polycaprolactone Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications: Enhancing Mechanical Strength and Biocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Sankar","family":"Thangavel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Paavai College of Engineering  Namakkal Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kannan Thanneerpanthalpalayam","family":"Kandasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Jerusalem College of Engineering  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6539-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajasekar","family":"Rathanasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Kongu Engineering College  Erode Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balakrishnan","family":"Nanjappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Gnanamani College of Technology  Namakkal Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2025.137342"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14314\/POLIMERY.2024.9.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2025.117829"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10965\u2010024\u201004205\u2010Y\/METRICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8tc00452h"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RINENG.2024.102841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18081826"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1023666X.2024.2371426"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2018.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCP.2024.101653"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221\u2010018\u20107888\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.02.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00405175251341525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.54840"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202414607"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14314\/POLIMERY.2024.2.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.26598"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJBIOMAC.2023.126695"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217979224400095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMBBM.2023.106086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10904\u2010023\u201002647\u20103\/METRICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.08.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544089231158453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI1904365S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MATCHEMPHYS.2022.127236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101671"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/PC.26806"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0104\u20101428.20230107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671\u2010023\u201003940\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08839115241233345"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/POLYM14183719"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101735"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMRT.2022.04.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202500236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMRT.2022.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.25545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/POLYM14050872"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/PC.26519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2018.391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/PC.26298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14204288"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0967391120981551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0967391119872877"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7317\/pk.2017.41.6.978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2024.118368"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.129139"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.b.70049","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jbm.b.70049","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jbm.b.70049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:47:18Z","timestamp":1774594038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jbm.b.70049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jbm.b.70049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.b.70049","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4973","1552-4981"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4973","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4981","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70049"}}