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Alveolar bone loss from severe periodontal disease and non\u2010unions often demands immediate grafting. Treating large alveolar bone defects using grafts and substitutes is challenging due to the complex oral environment, infection risks, and unstable graft properties, which may compromise strength and bioactivity. Successful grafts must promote vasculature development and osteogenesis while maintaining mechanical stability at the graft site. Current bone graft substitutes are inadequate for optimal alveolar bone healing. New biomaterial technologies including additive manufacturing techniques enhance repair processes by developing anatomically equivalent implants that integrates better with host tissues, provide mechanical stability and activate innate healing mechanisms. 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