{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T17:03:54Z","timestamp":1779987834505,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000046","name":"Abbott Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Residual machining oils on metallic medical device components may pose potential biocompatibility risks and often trigger extensive chemical characterization in accordance with ISO 10993\u201018. For metallic biomaterials, however, such residues are typically surface\u2010confined and substantially reduced by post\u2010machining treatments and cleaning processes, making comprehensive chemical analysis potentially overly conservative. Accordingly, efficient surface\u2010based screening approaches are needed to determine whether further analytical evaluation is warranted. In this study, we developed and evaluated complementary surface characterization methods integrating laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for the qualitative detection of machining oil residues on metallic biomaterials. White paraffin oil (WPO, mineral origin) and canola oil (CO, vegetable origin) were used as representative model systems and microdeposited at systematically varied surface loadings onto polished 316L stainless steel substrates. LSCM enabled visualization of oil residues through characteristic bright\u2013dark contrast, multicolored thin\u2010film interference bands, Newton's rings, and discrete droplet morphologies, with reliable detection down to approximately 2\u2009\u03bcg\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    . SEM imaging optimized using low accelerating voltage, larger spot sizes, and imaging at oil\u2013substrate interfaces, provided enhanced surface sensitivity and achieved detection limits of approximately 0.05\u2009\u03bcg\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    for WPO and 0.4\u2009\u03bcg\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    for CO. FTIR confirmed the presence of oil residues through oil\u2010specific spectral features, with detection limits of approximately 0.10\u20130.20\u2009\u03bcg\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    depending on oil type and residue morphology. Collectively, these results demonstrate that complementary surface characterization methods provide an effective qualitative screening workflow for identifying residual machining oils on metallic biomaterials. Beyond demonstrating technical detection capabilities, the proposed workflow offers practical value for guiding subsequent analytical decision making, specifically by informing whether comprehensive ISO 10993\u201018 chemical characterization is warranted, and for supporting cleaning verification and risk\u2010based biocompatibility assessment strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.70091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T04:10:27Z","timestamp":1778818227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complementary Surface Characterization Methods for Qualitative Detection of Oil Residues on Metallic Biomaterials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0648-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gopinath","family":"Mani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biocompatibility and Science &amp; Technology  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey","family":"LaSalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biocompatibility and Science &amp; Technology  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Gjerde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biocompatibility and Science &amp; Technology  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hankins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biocompatibility and Science &amp; Technology  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dori","family":"Chretin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biocompatibility and Science &amp; Technology  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Ornberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biocompatibility and Science &amp; Technology  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Citrowske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biocompatibility and Science &amp; Technology  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Shulfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biocompatibility and Science &amp; Technology  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markia","family":"Kamberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Biocompatibility and Science &amp; Technology  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess24068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2023.03.026"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"422","article-title":"Evolution and Latest Trends in Cooling and Lubrication Techniques for Sustainable Machining: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Polo S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"PRO"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29238"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544089231169655"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-025-15945-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40436-023-00477-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"\u201cISO 10993\u201018: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices \u2010 Part 18: Chemical Characterization of Medical Device Materials Within a Risk Management Process. 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